Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Introduction and Overview
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This book brings together up-to-date findings on the regional dimensions of European labour markets. It provides a conceptual and empirical study of the interactions between the European economy and its regions, paying particular attention to the issue of the transition of Central and Eastern European countries to a market economy. The topics analysed include: the structure of the shocks affecting employment (regional, industrial, national), the relationships between labour market efficiency and the regional distribution of unemployment, wage flexibility in EU member countries or in their regions and the role of active labour market policies in affecting the regional distribution of employment and unemployment.
Classification-JEL: J22, J62.
Keywords: Temporary work, labour market transitions, permanent employment.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 1-7
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_1
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Adalgiso Amendola
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Author-Name: Gianluigi Coppola
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Regional Disparities in Europe
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: In the 1990s the socio-economic disparities existing among the European regions, were significantly greater than those among countries, show persistent differences, and also a dynamic whereby periods of slow convergence alternate with others in which the tendency is towards divergence. 
We deal with two issues. The first is why economic theories are unable to completely explain the European case in recent decades. The second issue concerns policy: which regional, national or European strategy is best able to accelerate the process of convergence among regions? We apply a multivariate factorial analysis method (the STATIS method) that enables the European regions to be ‘read’ on the basis of factors that sum up their main socioeconomic characteristics, to group them into homogeneous clusters, and to examine their temporal dynamics. Our results suggest that the European economy is a diversified reality influenced by structural phenomena concerning labour market characteristics, sectoral composition, and localization factors, making it unlikely that integration processes – although accelerated by the enlargement of markets and their greater efficiency – will give rise to the hoped-for levelling of economic development in the near future.
Classification-JEL: R11, R58, J60
Keywords: Regional Disparities, European Economy, Labour market, STATIS method.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 9-31
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_2
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Anna Maria Ferragina
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Francesco Pastore
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli 
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Regional Unemployment in the OST Literature
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This paper surveys the now large body of theoretical and empirical literature on regional unemployment during transition in Central and Eastern Europe. The focus is on Optimal Speed of Transition models and on comparison of them with the neoclassical tradition. In the typical neoclassical models, spatial differences essentially arise as a consequence of supply side constraints and institutional rigidities. Slow-growth, high-unemployment regions are those with backward economic structures. Constraints on factors mobility contribute to making differences persistent. However, such explanations leave the question unanswered of how unemployment differences arise in the first place. Economic transition provides an excellent testing ground to answer this question. Prefiguring an empirical law, the high degree of labour turnover of high unemployment regions is associated with a high rate of industrial restructuring. The OST literature suggests, in fact, that low unemployment may be achieved by implementing transition more gradually. Moreover, international trade, FDI and various agglomeration factors help explain the success of capital cities compared to peripheral towns and rural areas in achieving low unemployment.
Classification-JEL: J6, P2, R1.
Keywords: regional unemployment, economic transition, Central and Eastern Europe.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 33-87
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_3
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Enrico Marelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Brescia
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Regional Employment Dynamics in the EU: Structural Outlook, Co-Movements, Clusters and Common Shocks
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This paper considers the evolution of employment across 145 European regions (between 1983 and 1997) at a level of industrial disaggregation greater than that usually considered in the literature. The results highlight that, in the first place, national boundaries are not particularly significant in singling out clusters of regions with similar patterns of employment growth, notwithstanding the country-based economic policies and labour market reforms. What matters is industrial structure: structurally similar regions are to be found in different countries that are not necessarily spatially adjacent. A second finding is that the degree of correlation of manufacturing employment across countries and regions is higher than the correlation of aggregate employment. Third, while the evidence confirms that there is a growing integration among the European regions, it does not corroborate the existence of a core regions located in Northern Europe with more uniform employment dynamics. The key policy implication is that the weight of idiosyncratic elements, i.e. the purely regional component of employment dynamics, points up the inadequacy of a common monetary policy, unless non-monetary policies, either fiscal or structural, are targeted to the needs of specific countries and regions.
Classification-JEL: J21, R11, O11, O52, C23.
Keywords: employment dynamics, regional employment, European regions, regional clusters.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 89-121
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_4
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Mario A. Maggioni
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano
Author-Name: Francesca Gambarotto
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Padova
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Does Space Matter for Labour Markets and How? A Critical Survey of the Recent Italian Empirical Evidence
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This paper aims to analyse the relationships between firms’ location decisions and local labour markets functioning in a spatial economics perspective. In this way we are able to show that spatial factors are crucial to the design and implementation of labour policies since firms’ and employees’ decisions depend on a set of socio-economic elements deriving from clustering dynamics and inter-industry interactions. In the paper we organise the existing literature on local labour markets by distinguishing two main approaches: on the one hand are studies on ‘travel to work areas’ and other functional partitions of the territory identified in light of the commuting behaviour of workers and the functional specialisation of firms (as in the classical tradition of Italian industrial districts). On the other hand are studies which take for granted the standard division of sub-national units of land and either measure a series of indicators of labour market performance or examine the effects of centripetal and centrifugal forces of firms’ location on local employment and wages. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates the existence of a strict causality relation between a given analytical framework and the consequent economic policy instruments implemented by the public authority.
Classification-JEL: J6, L2, R3.
Keywords: local labour markets, spatial economics, firms’ location.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 123-146
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_5
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Raquel Fonseca 
Author-Workplace-Name: Université du Québec à Montréal
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Labour Market Reform and the Beveridge Curve across Italian Regions
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: A frontier approach is utilised to estimate a matching function (reparameterised as a Beveridge curve) on data for the main Italian territorial areas (North, Centre, South) throughout the 1990s. The Southern labour market proves to be much less efficient than that in the rest of the country, especially in the case of unskilled labour. This approach is then utilised to assess the impact on the Italian labour market of the 1997 Treu Act, which greatly fostered the development of temporary work in Italy. This Act appears to have engendered an increase in labour demand, especially in the North and in the Centre. However, there is evidence of an outward shift of the Beveridge curve in the South, particularly as far as unskilled labour is concerned. The Treu Act then reduced unemployment in the more developed regions of the country, but did not favourably affect the overall matching efficiency of the Italian labour market.
Classification-JEL: J64, J69, C24.
Keywords: matching function, Beveridge Curve, frontier approach, Treu reform.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 147-163
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_6
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Polona Domadenik
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Ljubljana
Author-Name: Maja Vehovec
Author-Workplace-Name: The Institute of Economics, Zagreb
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Enterprise Defensive Restructuring: Cross-country Evidence within Transitional Settings
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This paper considers findings from a panel of Croatian and Slovenian firms throughout the period 1995–2000. Scrutiny of Croatia and Slovenia sheds light on regional issues, owing to their small size and their being part of the same country until the early 1990s. More particularly, the issues of defensive and strategic restructuring are addressed through dynamic labour demand analysis. The estimated short run elasticities of labour with respect to wages and output are very similar for the two countries and confirm that firms in both economies adjusted employment gradually over time in response to exogenous shocks occurring at the beginning of transition. However, long-run wage elasticities are greater for Slovenian firms, suggesting that deeper and more efficient strategic restructuring in Slovenia was a significant factor in the differing economic performances of the two countries in the first decade of transition.
Classification-JEL: J6, P2, R1.
Keywords: defensive restructuring, strategic restructuring, dynamic labour demand, Croatia, Slovenia.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 165-178
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_7
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Limosani
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Messina
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Widening Unemployment Differentials in Italy: the Role of Wage and Labour Productivity
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: Building on Layard and Jackman's framework, we propose a simple model to analyse the relation between labour productivity and unemployment regional differentials in Italy and present some panel data evidence to support the theoretical predictions of the model. The empirical analysis strongly suggests that wage and productivity differentials are among the main factors driving the dynamics of unemployment differentials in Italy.
Classification-JEL: C33, J24, J30.
Keywords: labour productivity, unemployment differentials, panel data.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 179-185
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_8
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Newell
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Sussex
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Skill Mismatch and Regional Unemployment in Poland
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This paper investigates the extent to which the patterns of regional unemployment in Poland since the early 1990s can be explained by regional imbalances in the supply and demand for skilled labour. Indeed, massive changes in the relative demand for skilled labour are found to have taken place over this period, and by no means uniformly across Polish regions. Lower-skilled regional populations tend to generate higher rates of unemployment. Moreover, when controlling for population skill levels, higher levels of relative demand for skilled workers raise a region’s rate of unemployment. Using a theoretical model in which regional labour supply mobility and relative wage flexibility are limited, the author interprets these findings as equilibrium and mismatch phenomena. They account for about half of the regional variation in Polish rates of unemployment.
Classification-JEL: C33; J63; P25; P52; R23.
Keywords: Skill Mismatch; Regional Unemployment; Labour Turnover; Labour Reallocation; Structural Change, Transition from Plan to Market, Poland.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 187-202
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_9
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Jens Südekum
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Duisburg-Essen
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: The Wage Curve and Agglomeration
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: New Economic Geography models usually abstract from unemployment. By contrast, wage curve models (Blanchflower and Oswald, 1994) imply a negative correlation between regional unemployment and wages, but fail to account for agglomeration effects. Relying upon some stylised facts concerning the EU-15 regions a theoretical model is built combining a wage curve with an increasing returns technology. Large ‘core’ regions turn out having both higher equilibrium wages and lower unemployment rates than peripheral regions. Regional disparities can develop endogenously and labour mobility does not negate the wage curve mechanism, but rather strengthens it.
Classification-JEL: C33, J30, J60.
Keywords: New Economic Geography, wage curve, increasing returns, regional inequalities.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 203-219
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_10
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Vassilis Monastiriotis
Author-Workplace-Name: London School of Economics
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: A Panel of Regional Indicators of Labour Market Flexibility: the UK, 1979–998
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: Despite the centrality of the issue of labour market flexibility, attempts to consistently measure levels of flexibility, either within or across countries, have been remarkably scarce. This chapter makes a contribution towards filling this gap by presenting a complete set of labour market flexibility indicators for the UK. Derived from survey-data sources, the indexes relate directly to theoretical considerations on the issue of flexibility and cover a 20-year period (1979–1998) at sub-national detail (Standard Statistical Regions). Examination of their temporal and regional variation reveals that flexibility has increased throughout the period across all UK regions. Yet, evidence of convergence in the regional levels of flexibility co-exists with a rather persistent pattern of a North-South dichotomy and regional specialisation in different forms of flexibility.
Classification-JEL: C33, J24, J30.
Keywords: UK regions, labour market flexibility, decomposition, indexes.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 221-244
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_11
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Víctor Montuenga
Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad de Zaragoza
Author-Name: Inmaculada García
Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad de Zaragoza
Author-Name: Melchor Fernández
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Santiago de Compostela
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Regional Wage Flexibility: the Wage Curve in Five EU Countries
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: In this piece of research, we estimate wage curves for five EU member states using homogenous information provided in panel data set (the ECHP) to appraise wage flexibility. Whereas typical estimation concentrates solely on the relationship between current wages and current unemployment rate, we also consider the influence of lagged values of unemployment rates -the unemployment rate at the moment of hiring, and the minimum unemployment rate since the moment of hiring- to take into account the possibility of wages being flexible upwards, but sticky downwards. Results show that, first, wage flexibility does vary across countries and, second, that the traditional view of the wage curve as representing a spot labour market is valid only for one of the countries analysed, the UK.
Classification-JEL: C33, J30, J60.
Keywords: wage flexibility, wage curve, panel data, EU countries.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 245-265
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_12
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Vania Sena
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Essex
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Large-Scale Labour Market Restructuring and Labour Mobility: the Experiences of East Germany and Poland
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: A simple theoretical framework is presented, enabling the assessment of the government’s role in industrial and regional labour reallocation that follow from large-scale restructuring in the labour market. The experiences of East Germany and Poland in this regard are then compared and appraised. The main upshot is that a number of adverse incentive effects kept regional unemployment differentials high in both East Germany and Poland long after the initial transition shock. Active labour market policies (ALMPs) have apparently had little success..
Classification-JEL: C33; J63; P25; P52; R23.
Keywords: Regional Unemployment; Labour Reallocation; Structural Change, Transition from Plan to Market, Poland, East Germany.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 267-286
Chapter: 13
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_13
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Reinhard Hujer
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Frankfurt
Author-Name: Uwe Blien
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Employment Research (IAB)
Author-Name: Marco Caliendo
Author-Workplace-Name: Potsdam University
Author-Name: Christopher Zeiss
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Frankfurt
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Macroeconometric Evaluation of Active Labour Market Policies in Germany. A Dynamic Panel Approach Using Regional Data
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: Most evaluation studies of active labour market policies (ALMP) focus on the micro-econometric evaluation approach using individual data. However, as the microeconometric approach usually ignores impacts on the non-participants, it should be seen as a first step to a complete evaluation which has to be followed by an analysis on the macroeconomic level. As a starting point for our analysis we discuss the effects of ALMP in a theoretical labour market framework augmented by ALMP. We estimate the impacts of ALMP in Germany for the time period 1999-2001 with regional data of 175 labour office districts. Due to the high persistence of German labour market data the application of a dynamic model is crucial. Furthermore our analysis accounts especially for the inherent simultaneity problem of ALMP. For West Germany we find positive effects of vocational training and job creation schemes on the labour market situation, whereas the results for East Germany do not allow profound statements.
Classification-JEL: C33, E24, H43, J64, J68.
Keywords: evaluation, active labour market policy, dynamic panel data model.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 287-309
Chapter: 14
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_14
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-14

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Altavilla
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Author-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Evaluating Asymmetries in Active Labour Market Policies: the Case of Italy
Book-Title: The European Labour Market. Regional Dimensions
Abstract: This paper aims at analyzing whether Labour Market Programs (ALMP) could have different effects on unemployment and employment dynamics according to the particular region where the program is implemented. To this end, the research analyses alternative theoretical and econometric models thought to capture the possible effects that active labour market policies might have on labour forces dynamics. The econometric methodologies implemented are the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) and the Panel Vector Autoregression (P-VAR). The evidence emerging from the GMM models suggests that the effects of ALMP on unemployment are dissimilar across the Italian regions. It follows that some active programs are likely to exert a greater effect in the South than in the North. The results of the P-VAR estimated models are synthesized in the impulse response analysis and the forecast error variance decomposition. The impulse response analysis suggests that an increase in ALMP lead to: (i) a decrease in the unemployment rate, and (ii) significant increase in labour force participation. More interestingly, results obtained from the error-variance decomposition analysis show that unemployment movements are not driven by shocks in the ALMP and that, especially in the northern regions, atypical contracts shocks account for a substantial portion of unemployment dynamics.
Classification-JEL: C33, J64.
Keywords: ALMP, Beveridge Curve, GMM, P-VAR.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:01
Pages: 311-338
Chapter: 15
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-7908-1680-9_15
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:01-15

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola Acocella
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Author-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo
Title: Introduction
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter first introduces Tarantelli’s thought on the role of labour economics and social pacts. The implementation of his proposals for a social pact in Italy is then discussed and compared to similar experiences in Europe. Attention is finally devoted to developing a theory of social pacts overcoming its uncertain foundations and suggestions are set forth for new contents of social pacts in the age of the knowledge economy.
Classification-JEL: B31, J52, E02.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, social pacts, macroeconomic performance.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 1-11
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_1
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Pierluigi Ciocca
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo
Title: ‘Doing good’. Ezio Tarantelli’s Approach to Political Economy
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter reconstructs Tarantelli’s suggestions for putting the inflation of the ’70s to an end in Italy. He proposed to pre-determine wage increases in order to guide prices along a path agreed by social partners and also advocated using incomes policy as an instrument of coordination for achieving policy goals alternative to monetarist remedies. These proposals were implemented in the course of an almost two-decade long disinflation process that also included monetary and fiscal policy measures and lasted until the end of the ‘90s.
Classification-JEL: B31, E31, J52.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, monetarism, disinflation.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 15-22
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_2
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Sarcinelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: The 1960s and Ezio’s Awakening to the Social Problems of Italy
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter introduces some biographical notes of Ezio Tarantelli and relates the formation of his ideas to the influence of his intellectual formation at the two Cambridges (Cambridge, England, and Cambridge, Mass); the end of the Sixties student uprisings, the bitter strikes of Italy’s hot autumn and the difficulties faced by the Italian economy in the following decades; the stimulating while demanding environment of the Economic Research Department at the Bank of Italy.
Classification-JEL: B31, N14.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, Italy’s inflation, Italy’s hot autumn.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 23-28
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_3
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Brandolini
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Author-Name: Piero Casadio
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Author-Name: Piero Cipollone
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Author-Name: Marco Magnani
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Author-Name: Alfonso Rosolia
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Employment Growth in Italy in the 1990s: Institutional Arrangements and Market Forces
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter analyses the broad picture emerging from the 1993 incomes policy agreement in Italy as well as other policy actions (and omissions). The agreement was successful in producing a remarkable moderation of the relative price of labour - despite the reduction of the user cost of capital driven by the fall in interest rates – and an increase in labour demand and employment. In spite of this, however, the intensified international competition made structural problems of Italian industry much more severe, with negative effects on the growth of output and exports, and eventually employment.
Classification-JEL: E31, E64, N14.
Keywords: Incomes policy in Italy, disinflation policies, international competitiveness.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 31-68
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_4
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Leonello Tronti
Author-Workplace-Name: ISTAT
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: The July Protocol and Economic Growth: The Chance Missed
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter deals with the overall impact of the comprehensive incomes policy adopted in Italy in July 1993. The extraordinary merits of the agreement in curbing inflation are recognized, along with some incompleteness (with respect to Ezio Tarantelli’s proposal) in the way on one hand the policy was implemented, and on the other the social partners have pursued the second bargaining level. The author suggests a reformulation of the 1993 Protocol agreed among the three social partners (trade union movement, employers’ confederations and Government) towards a more pragmatic approach, using the first level to distribute a more or less ample share of productivity gains in the sectors where the second level finds it hard to gain ground.
Classification-JEL: B31, J52, E64.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, incomes policy, Italy’s inflation.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 69-95
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_5
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Annalisa Cristini
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo
Author-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: The ’93 July Agreement in Italy: Bargaining Power, Efficiency Wages or Both?
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter investigates the effects of the wage determination mechanism based on bargaining and efficiency wages introduced in Italy in 1993. The analysis deals specifically with the productivity effects of the efficiency wage approach and tests the role of different profit sharing schemes based on formal performance evaluations bargained with the unions’ representatives. Traditional indicators, related to output-based variable pay (turnover, productivity, defects and cost targets) are shown to be inferior to new indicators, of input-based nature, which stimulate employees to improve their competences by learning, job rotation, team working, suggestion system and involvement. While the former refers to a traditional design setting, the latter is consistent with a Business Process Reengineering, which is a prerequisite for the so-called high road of innovation and development.
Classification-JEL: E31, E64, N14.
Keywords: Incomes policy in Italy, productivity, profit sharing schemes.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 97-119
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_6
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Jelle Visser
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Amsterdam
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Wage Bargaining Institutions in Europe. A Happy Marriage or Preparing for Divorce?
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter restates Tarantelli’s approach to macroeconomic stabilisation and the role of wage bargaining institutions. It also discusses the patterns and variation in the institutional make-up of wage bargaining since 1980, documenting the evolution of the social pacts stipulated in Europe towards what Tarantelli called ‘decentralised corporatism’ and showing the institutional flexibility of collective agreements, as well as the stability of Tarantelli’s ‘marriage of opposites’.
Classification-JEL: B31, E64, J52.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, macroeconomic stabilization, social pacts.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 123-156
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_7
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Dell’Aringa
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica di Milano
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Wage Setting Institutions and Economic Performance
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter adheres to a school of interpretation which is sceptic with respect to the virtues of neo-corporatism while asserting the several other institutional aspects, referred both to the labour market and the overall economic system that affect the macroeconomic performance. The chapter is also sceptic with respect to the idea of a decentralized corporatism, claiming that unemployment in Europe is a regional problem (being located mainly in some countries and regions). Therefore possible solutions should be based on a greater flexibility in the geographical wage structure, which, in turn, requires a reduced level of coordination, both formal and informal, at the national level. As in Sweden, a kind of ‘organised decentralisation’, may be of interest at the European level too.
Classification-JEL: J52, E02, E64.
Keywords: Neo-corporatism, macroeconomic performance, organised decentralisation.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 159-174
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_8
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Piero Ferri
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Loops Learning and the Phillips Curve
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter presents a model somehow inspired to Tarantelli. It first shows how important the value of the parameters reflecting nominal rigidities and industrial relations can be for the dynamics of the system. The indexation system has a certain influence on the former, in line with Tarantelli’s intuition and suggestion of a reduction in the sensitivity of nominal wages to past inflation as a disinflationary measure. In addition, industrial relations can influence the dynamics of the system through their influence on expectations and learning. In particular, centralisation of bargaining, together with other conditions, can make the business cycle less pronounced or even disappear.
Classification-JEL: B31, E31, J52.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, nominal rigidities, centralisation of bargaining.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 175-194
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_9
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabetta Croci Angelini
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Macerata
Author-Name: Francesco Farina
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Siena
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Wage Inequality in Europe: the Role of Labour Market and Redistributive Institutions
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter documents the rising trend in wage inequality in Europe and trace it back to a number of factors. Industrial relations have an influence on the degree of wage dispersion, thus being a determinant of macroeconomic performance. Social pacts do not necessarily have a negative influence on the employment level by reducing wage dispersion. In fact, in the case of Scandinavian countries social pacts have been compatible with an increase in wage dispersion. Overall, labour market deregulation and decentralised wage setting increase wage inequality, but the effect can to some extent be compensated by income redistribution policy. In any case, the increase in wage inequality in Europe is inconsistent with those theories (like Krugman’s) holding a negative causal relationship between wage compression and low-skilled employment.
Classification-JEL: J52, H24.
Keywords: Wage inequality, decentralised wage setting, redistribution policy.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 195-217
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_10
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Richard B. Freeman
Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard University
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Searching for the EU Social Dialogue Model
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter acknowledges the lack of a theory of social dialogue. In spite of this weakness, the author argues that efficient bargaining/Coase theorem can be a valuable ideal for analyzing social dialogue systems like most EU economies, compared to the perfectly functioning competitive model used to benchmark market-driven economies, even though the world does not evidence efficient bargaining as a general rule. The author also underlines the virtue of a research program tending to design factors that lead parties to efficient solutions, not only on the assumption of rational strategic behaviour but also on potentially more realistic assumptions about how people take their decisions.
Classification-JEL: J52, J53.
Keywords: Theory of social dialogue, efficient bargaining, Coase theorem.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 221-238
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_11
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola Acocella
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Author-Name: Giovanni Di Bartolomeo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Teramo
Author-Name: Patrizio Tirelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Milano Bicocca
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: From First- to Second-Generation Social Pacts
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter presents a model, where the union is interested in the level of wages, employment and the level of public expenditure. Social pacts are shown not only to lead to a superior macroeconomic performance, but to be also acceptable by unions. The key to their acceptability lies in the benefit the unions draw from a higher public expenditure, in line with Tarantelli’s thought. By reflecting on the fact that public expenditure is financed through distortionary taxation, however, their model offers also the possibility to explain the second-generation social pacts in Europe highlighted by Visser.
Classification-JEL: B31, E02, J52.
Keywords: Tarantelli’s thought, social pact, political exchange.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 239-251
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_12
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Fabrizio Coricelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Siena
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Inflation Inertia, Monetary Policy and Market Competition: Tarantelli Revisited
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter claims that monetary authorities’ conservatism is needed to improve the macroeconomic performance, the more so the higher the degree of product market competition. Contrary to a widespread belief, central bank conservatism and market competition are complements, rather than substitutes. This could justify the presence of a conservative European Central Bank in the process of a strengthened European integration.
Classification-JEL: E02, E58.
Keywords: Monetary conservatism, market competition, macroeconomic performance.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 255-272
Chapter: 13
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_13
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Robert M. Lindley
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warwick
Editor-Name: Nicola Acocella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Riccardo Leoni
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Bergamo 
Title: Creating the ‘Neo-Lisbon’ Economy
Book-Title: Social Pacts, Employment and Growth. A Reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s Thought
Abstract: The chapter advocates Lisbon-oriented policies such as an increasing educational attainment and participation in education and training, higher investment in human capital and mobility. However, these supply-side orientated policies must be complemented with measures relating to organisational effectiveness which strongly influence the dynamism of the economy and the quality of working life through their impact on productivity. This is a source of major concern since the knowledge-based economy is fundamentally about the behaviour of organizations rather than individuals. The rational and efficient solution to problem of low productivity is to make work-base learning workable, which requires an organizational design and setting of workplaces consistent with the creation and diffusion of tacit and informal knowledge.
Classification-JEL: O30, O40; J59.
Keywords: Lisbon-oriented policies, productivity, organisational design.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:02
Pages: 273-288
Chapter: 14
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-1923-6_14
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:02-14

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Marco Musella
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Introduction and Overview
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This book provides an up-to-date analytical and empirical treatment of some important interactions between paid and unpaid labour and the social economy. The emphasis on the preferences of paid and unpaid labour and on their role in the efficient provision of social services makes a contribution to clarifying the definition of social economy, a concept which has attracted considerable interest in the recent literature on the welfare system. A first set of papers focuses on the conceptual and theoretical treatment of preferences of paid and unpaid labour and human resource management in the third sector, the incentive and remuneration system, ownership structure and risk, choice-theoretical analysis of unpaid labour and household production. The remaining papers are essentially of an empirical nature. The main target of the empirical studies is the Italian social economy, whose growth in recent years has been impressive. Yet, empirical analyses also deal with other countries. Descriptive evidence about the role of paid and unpaid labour within the nonprofit sector, is provided for countries (CEE, CIS, Malta, Spain) where there is relatively little information on these matters. State-of-the-art quantitative techniques are also applied to a dataset for the US never previously utilized.
Classification-JEL: L31, J22, A13, I00.
Keywords: unpaid work, under-remunerated work, social economy, third sector, comparative welfare systems.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 1-9
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_1
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Borzaga
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Trento
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: A Comprehensive Interpretation of Voluntary and Under-Remunerated Work
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: The aim of the essay is to contribute to development of an unitary interpretation of the supply of labour in nonprofit organizations. The paper shows that agents supply their labour on the basis of a mix of motivations, whose composition is influenced by numerous personal, cultural, and vocational factors. Empirical and experimental analyses, and especially research on under-remunerated workers in nonprofit organizations with an explicit social mission, show that volunteers are also driven by self-regarding preferences, while remunerated workers may have preferences that are different from the maximization of immediate or deferred monetary income. It is possible to take account of this pluralism of motivations and agents by modifying the utility function so that it includes all the different types of motivation. The resulting allocation of workers and volunteers among sectors and enterprises can therefore be considered efficient also in the presence of individuals who are not paid or who are systematically paid less than others.
Classification-JEL: D64, J28, J40, L31.
Keywords: nonprofit institutions, unpaid work, under-remunerated work, work motivations.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 11-32
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_2
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis R. Young
Author-Workplace-Name: Andrew Young School of Policy Studies
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: How Nonprofit Organizations Manage Risk
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to identify the kinds of decisions where nonprofit organizations need to manage their risks in a strategic fashion, to review what we know about how they approach these decisions, and to offer a conceptual framework that nonprofits can use to develop a more sophisticated and effective approach to their risk management decisions in the future. For various reasons, nonprofits have not taken a sufficiently robust view of risk management, A simple framework is presented to address the risk-related decisions of nonprofits in a strategic fashion, with a view to inspire fuller attention to risk management in the nonprofit academic literature and in professional forums.
Classification-JEL: D81, L31, M51.
Keywords: nonprofit institutions, risk management, decision making.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 33-46
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_3
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Musella
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Author-Name: Roberta Troisi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Property Rights and Incentives in Social Cooperatives
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This paper analyses Italian social cooperatives as a typical delivery service firm focusing on employee incentive systems characterized by “role tension” linked to the dual position of being employee and owner at the same time. In line with this idea, the answers to three questions: “Why to incentivise”, “What to incentivise” “How to incentivise” are searched starting from both the lack of employee’s controllability in the sector and reconstruction of the property rights which could be consistent with the characteristics of social cooperatives and with the nonprofit distribution constraint. The conclusion is that, because social cooperatives are able to structure a richer incentive set, they are more efficient in the provision of social utility services even though they pay lower wages than public organizations and for-profit firms.
Classification-JEL: J28, P13, P14, T54.
Keywords: property rights, worker incentives, social cooperatives.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 47-61
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_4
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: João R. Sanson
Author-Workplace-Name: Federal University of Santa Catarina
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: The Supply of Labour and Household Production
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: Labour supply is seen as an output from household production. Given by the physical effort of a person, working in the market also requires specific inputs. This process may be described with the help of a general technology that comprises joint production. At least one of the outputs is labour supply. With the help of a simplified version of the model, initially the choice among different types of market work is discussed. Within this discussion, it is shown how different estimates of the opportunity cost of time naturally appear, all in standard microeconomic results. Then, the definition of net result of the worker is related to economic rent due to the fact that the consumer-producer cannot alter the time endowment. As a result, the household production model, including labour supply, might be more amenable to integration into general equilibrium theory and microeconomic theory in general.
Classification-JEL: D50, I31, J22.
Keywords: labour supply, allocation of time, opportunity cost.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 63-80
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_5
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Miriam Michelutti
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Udine
Author-Name: Marina Schenkel
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Udine
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Working for Nothing and Being Happy. The Determinants of the Satisfaction of Volunteers and Paid Workers
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay attempts to understand the factors determining the satisfaction that volunteers derive from their own activity, and then to compare them with those determining the satisfaction of paid workers. The novelty of this approach is that volunteers and paid workers are compared in the same data-set (from Italy), using the same measure of the rewards and reported satisfaction for both types of workers. The main findings are that volunteers are individuals who perform an activity which gives them satisfaction for a number of different reasons, and that, while the determinants of satisfaction are not exactly the same for volunteers and paid workers, both of them attach special consideration to the users’ well-being.
Classification-JEL: D64, J22, J28, J32.
Keywords: voluntary work, job satisfaction, worker incentives.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 81-95
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_6
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Ermanno Tortia
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Trento
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Perceived Fairness and Worker Well-Being in Public, For-Profit and NonProfit Firms: Evidence from the Italian Social Service Sector
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay analyses the links between workers’ fairness concerns and job satisfaction in different ownership and organizational forms of the Italian social service sector. Social cooperatives emerge as the organizational form that sustains best the perception of procedural fairness. On the other hand, the public sector shows the most serious weaknesses. A clear difference emerges between the public and the private sector in general, with the former at a disadvantage. Given the very significant role of procedural fairness in influencing job satisfaction, social cooperatives turn out as an innovative and successful organizational form, at least as far as labour relations are concerned, the difficulties in retaining their more educated and skilled workforce notwithstanding.
Classification-JEL: J28, J32, J54, L33, M52.
Keywords: fairness, job satisfaction, worker incentives, Italian third sector.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 97-114
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_7
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Mosca
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Author-Name: Francesco Pastore
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Wage Effects of Recruitment Methods: The Case of the Italian Social Service Sector
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay analyses the role of different recruitment channels, and of informal networks in particular, on wage structures across various organization types in the Italian social service sector. While the impact of recruitment methods on wages has been addressed in several previous contributions, none of them focuses on social services. Comparison of outcomes across organization types within the same sector is in itself another novelty, as compared to previous studies that generally focus on differences across sectors or, more recently, across countries. The main findings are that nonprofit organizations prefer informal recruitment methods to better select the most motivated workers, namely those workers who share the nonprofit mission. Furthermore the impact of informal contacts on the wage structure explains much of the unobserved wage differentials across organization type.
Classification-JEL: J24, J31, J32, L33, M52.
Keywords: recruitment channels, informal networks, wage structure, Italian third sector.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 115-141
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_8
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Ornella Wanda Maietta
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: The Productivity of Volunteer Labour: DEA-Based Evidence from Italy
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This paper analyses the relatively novel concept of a downward-sloping demand for volunteer labour, using data from the Italian social services sector. Both descriptive and econometric evidence shows that the price of volunteer labour (proxied by its shadow price obtained through DEA) is negatively related to the number of volunteer hours. Furthermore, the demand for volunteer labour is higher in areas relatively well endowed with social capital, where there is also evidence that organizations refrain from substituting volunteers for paid workers when the latter become more expensive. This finding has some relevance for the debate on economic and social convergence across European regions.
Classification-JEL: D23, D64, L31.
Keywords: demand for volunteer labour, social capital, voluntary work, productivity measurement.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 143-164
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_9
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Damiano Fiorillo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Volunteer Labour Supply: Micro-econometric Evidence from Italy
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay examines the evidence in favour of different motivations for unpaid labour in volunteer service associations, using an Italian micro data-set constructed by the Italian National Statistical Institute, which allows use of a measure of household income to test the consumption against the investment thesis. The main finding is that the donation of unpaid activity to a volunteer service association is determined both by the consumption and by the investment motivation, confirming the evidence of studies for the US, Canada and the UK. Interestingly, however, regional patterns of volunteer labour reflect the pattern of participation described in the social capital literature. People who live in regions relatively well-endowed with social capital do significantly more volunteer labour.
Classification-JEL: D64, J22, L31, M59.
Keywords: voluntary work, social capital, consumption and investment motivations, Italian third sector.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 165-181
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_10
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giacomo Degli Antoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Milano Bicocca
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Voluntary Associations and Trustworthiness: An Empirical Examination at Italian Regional Level
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay studies the level of trustworthiness across Italian regions in relation to three variables: membership in cultural and recreational associations; membership in ecological, civil rights and peace associations; unpaid participation in voluntary service associations (solidarity associations). Two main results emerge: a positive and significant effect of unpaid participation in solidarity associations on the regional level of trustworthiness, and a negative, if not always significant, effect of membership in environmental associations. Furthermore, it is unpaid labour of solidarity associations that crucially contributes to the creation of propitious conditions for the diffusion of trustworthy behaviour throughout the community.
Classification-JEL: D64, L31.
Keywords: trust, nonprofit institutions, regional differences, unpaid work.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 183-196
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_11
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Avner Ben-Ner
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota
Author-Name: Ting Ren
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota
Author-Name: Darla Flint Paulson
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: A Comparison of Wage Inequality in For-profit, Non-Profit and Local Government Organizations: Nursing Homes in the Midwestern US
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay is devoted to investigate the ownership-related wage differentials using a sample of US nursing homes, distinguishing between nonprofit, forprofit and local government organizations. It focuses on within-organization across-occupation wage dispersion, controlling for important factors that may affect this variable. The results do not support widespread opinions about wage dispersion across the three ownership types. Neither the intrinsic motivation perspective’s prediction of less inequality among employees in nonprofit and government sectors, nor the agency theory prediction that higher level employees will use their influence to increase their own well-being without increasing the well-being of others, are supported.
Classification-JEL: L33, M52.
Keywords: wage dispersion, intrinsic motivations, US third sector.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 197-219
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_12
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Renata Livraghi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Parma
Author-Name: Gabriella Pappadà
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Viterbo La Tuscia,
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: Tacit Knowledge and Volunteers' Empowerment in the Fair Trade Sector
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This paper presents the outcome of a fieldwork carried out in France, Italy, Malta and Spain, with the aim of providing evidence of the main features characterising Fair Trade organizations and the individuals (in particular volunteers) involved in them. The case studies have been selected taking into consideration both the areas where Fair Trade has deeper roots (as in some French, Italian and Spanish regions) and is more developed, and the areas where the sector is younger, more politically oriented (like Malta and the south of Italy). It turns out that Fair Trade mainly attracts women and young people, but by different degrees, leading towards a classification of potential volunteers. However, there are some skills that emerge across all the groups, such as relational team-working skills.
Classification-JEL: F16, P45.
Keywords: informal learning, fair trade, voluntary work, comparative social economies, Malta.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 221-243
Chapter: 13
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_13
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giulia Galera
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Trento
Editor-Name: Marco Musella
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Federico II
Editor-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Title: The ‘Re-Emergence’ of Social Enterprises in CEE and the CIS
Book-Title: Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy. An International Perspective
Abstract: This essay analyses the characteristics and the role of social enterprises in CEE and CIS countries. Following a brief introduction on the relevance of institutional pluralism for economies characterized by poorly developed markets and welfare systems under construction, the importance of social enterprise for those countries is emphasized. Starting from a definition of social enterprise grounded in the European tradition, and therefore considered more appropriate for these countries, focus then shifts on the history of both social entrepreneurial organizations and current social enterprise development paths in the region, with special regard to the role played by the social enterprise in fostering socio-economic development. Social enterprises are found to increase the supply of general goods and services for the community, generate new employment, contribute to a more balanced use and allocation of resources, and enhance the social capital at the local level.
Classification-JEL: O52, P13.
Keywords: third sector, social capital, comparative welfare systems, CEE countries, CIS countries.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:03
Pages: 245-262
Chapter: 14
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_14
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:03-14

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Author-Name: Francesco Pastore
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Introduction
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: The aim of this book is to contribute to the debate on the continuity/fracture of regional patterns of development and employment in old and new European Union (EU) regions. Several contributions in this book suggest that a factor common to all backward regions, often neglected in the literature, is their higher than average degree of structural change or, more precisely, the hardship they experience in coping with the process of structural change. In particular, contributions of the volume address the following questions: 1) How did structural change affect the distribution of income growth rates and employment opportunities across regions? 2) After about twenty years from the onset of transition do regional indicators tend to converge or diverge? 3) Did migration make spatial imbalances reduce or increase, as an increasing number of observers claim? 4) What policy tools have been used to fight regional imbalances? Were they adequate to the purpose? The book chapters capture the main issues under discussion, while also providing a comprehensive set of theoretical and econometric methodologies used in the field of contemporary regional economic research.
Classification-JEL: C14; C21; C31; J5; J61; J63; J64; L72; P25; R23.
Keywords: Regional Inequality; Structural Change; Active Labour Market Policy; Transition from Plan to Market; Mezzogiorno.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 1-13
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_1
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Author-Name: Francesco Pastore
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Structural Change and Labour Reallocation Across Regions: A Review of the Literature
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: The focus of this chapter is on the microeconomic foundations of structural change and its spatially asymmetric impact on labour markets. EU economies are undergoing dramatic industrial restructuring due to a number of causes, such as the Eastward enlargement and economic integration of Central and Eastern European countries, as well as a more general process of integration of emerging economies into world trade. In turn this is causing technical change, relocation of economic activities and reallocation of capital and labour resources. An overly optimistic view of the ability of the market economy to sustain economic development has long neglected the labour market consequences of structural change, but the availability of new data sets and the specific nature of economic transition in new member states has once again brought this issue to the fore, suggesting that it might also provide an explanation of several typical features of regional imbalances in old member states. The old and new literature suggests theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence to confirm this.
Classification-JEL: J6, P2, R1, R23.
Keywords: Structural Change, Labour Turnover, Regional Unemployment, Optimal Speed of Transition, Eastward Enlargement of the EU.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 17-47
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_2
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Bruha
Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Institute, Prague
Author-Name: Delia Ionascu
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Copenhagen
Author-Name: Byeongju Jeong
Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Institute, Prague
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Organized Labour and Restructuring: Coal Mines in the Czech Republic and Romania
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: We examine the role of organized labour in the restructuring experience of two coal-mining regions in the 1990s. Under similar external circumstances, the Czech Republic’s Ostrava region underwent gradual restructuring from early on whereas Romania’s Jiu Valley region went through no restructuring until 1997 followed by massive layoffs over two years. We conduct a quantitative exercise that accounts for mine productivity, labour market conditions and the constraints in compensating laid-off miners. We show that the Jiu Valley’s delay in restructuring was inefficient. Gradual restructuring with compensation would have benefited both the miners and the government. The proximate reason for the delay was the Jiu Valley miners’ action against restructuring. We discuss what motivated their action and why it was effective.
Classification-JEL: O17, J50, P31, R11.
Keywords: Organized Labour, Restructuring, Coal, Turnover, Transition, Welfare.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 49-72
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_3
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Basile
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Labour Productivity Polarization Across Western European Regions: Threshold Effects Versus Neighbourhood Effects
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: The regional distribution of labour productivity in Western Europe is characterised by a Core-Periphery spatial pattern: high (low) productivity regions are in a proximate relationship with other high (low) productivity regions. Over the period 1980 to 2003, intra-distribution dynamics has generated long-run multiple equilibria with the formation of two clubs of convergence. The observed dynamics can only marginally be explained by nonlinear (threshold) effects in the accumulation of physical capital. In contrast, the joint effect of spatial dependence and nonlinearities in growth behaviour play a key role in determining multiple equilibria and reinforcing polarization of labour productivity.
Classification-JEL: R11, R12, C14, C21.
Keywords: distribution dynamics, regional convergence, semiparametric additive models, spatial dependence, Europe.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 75-97
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_4
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Enrico Marelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Brescia
Author-Name: Marcello Signorelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Perugia
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Transition, Regional Features, Growth and Labour Market Dynamics
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to throw some light on the institutional change, regional features, and growth and labour market performances in the eight transition countries that became EU members in May 2004 (8-CEECs). The consideration of a rather fine territorial disaggregation – at NUTS-3 Eurostat level – distinguishes this paper from previous studies. This allows for the investigation of some important tendencies such as the concentration of production around the capital cities. The main empirical finding is that, while transition countries – in particular the eight CEECs – are converging, with a reduction of disparities in per capita incomes across countries, within each single country divergence is prevailing, with leading regions (mainly the capital city areas) growing much faster than the rest of the country. Econometric investigations also highlight a positive role for institutional change. The main policy implications, concerning both European and national economic policies, are presented in the conclusive section. 
Classification-JEL: J21, O43, O47, P23, P25, P27.
Keywords: Transition, Regional Convergence, Employment, Growth and Institutional Change.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 99-147
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_5
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Joanna Tyrowicz
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warsaw
Author-Name: Piotr Wójcik
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warsaw
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Regional Dynamics of Unemployment in Poland A Convergence Approach
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: In this paper we approach the regional unemployment dynamics in Poland. Using policy relevant NUTS4 level data from 1999 to 2006, we employ tools typically applied to income convergence analyses to inquire the patterns of unemployment distribution. We demonstrate that the unemployment rate distribution is highly stable over time, while only weak 'club convergence' is supported by the data and only for high unemployment regions. Results suggest no support in favour of either ? -type or ? -convergence analysis which indicates no general divergence or convergence patterns. Transitions seem to be slightly more frequent, but at the same time less sustainable for middle range districts, while movements up and down the ladder occur predominantly for the same districts. This analysis allows to define the patterns of local labour market dynamics, pointing to differentiated divergence paths. Importantly, these tendencies prevail despite cohesion financing schemes, which allocate relatively more resources to deprived regions.
Classification-JEL: J43, R23, R58, E64, J18.
Keywords: regional unemployment rate differentials, convergence analysis, Poland.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 149-173
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_6
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Lucian-Liviu Albu
Author-Workplace-Name: Romanian Academy of Science
Author-Name: John M. Polimeni
Author-Workplace-Name: Romanian Academy of Science
Author-Name: Raluca I. Iorgulescu
Author-Workplace-Name: Romanian Academy of Science
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Spatial Distribution of Key Macroeconomic Growth Indicators in the EU-27: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: Convergence, both nominal and real, is occurring in the EU, especially for new members. Among the macroeconomic variables and correlations closely related to the convergence process are inflation, per capita GDP, the natural rate of unemployment and the inflation-unemployment relationship. This study concentrates on empirical analyses of the spatial distribution of these macroeconomic variables for the EU-27. Moreover, taking into account that the current level of productivity is implicitly influenced by the current unemployment rate, a simple estimate for ‘pure’ productivity is proposed as a solution. Pure productivity must be neutral to short-run changes in employment, but in the long run it is affected by factors including general technological progress, rising education levels, growth of the R&D system and the expansion of the ‘new economy’. The estimated changes in the pure productivity level are compared to the dynamics of the natural rate of unemployment.
Classification-JEL: C63, E24, E37, O11, O47.
Keywords: natural rate of unemployment, spatial distribution, contour plot, smoothing filters.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 175-194
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_7
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Pierella Paci
Author-Workplace-Name: World Bank
Author-Name: Erwin R. Tiongson
Author-Workplace-Name: World Bank’s Europe and Central Asia regional unit 
Author-Name: Mateusz Walewski
Author-Workplace-Name: CASE - Center for Social and Economic Research
Author-Name: Jacek Liwinski
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warsaw
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Internal Labour Mobility in Central Europe and the Baltic Region: Evidence from Labour Force Surveys
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: There are large regional disparities in labour market indicators in countries in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Such disparities appear to be persistent over time indicating, in part, a lack of flexibility in the prevailing adjustment mechanisms. Internal labour mobility is often seen as a potentially important instrument to reducing adjustment costs when other mechanisms fail. Drawing from 2004 LFS data and utilizing a common empirical framework and estimation strategy, this paper identifies patterns and statistical profiles of geographical mobility. It finds internal migration to be generally low and highly concentrated amongst better-educated, young and single workers. This suggests that migration is more likely to reinforce existing inequalities rather than act as an equalizing phenomenon. By way of contrast, commuting flows have grown over time and are more responsive to regional economic differentials. The findings suggest the need for appropriate and country-tailored policy measures designed to increase the responsiveness of labour flows to market conditions.
Classification-JEL: J61, J68, R10.
Keywords: regional unemployment, adjustment, migration, commuting.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 197-225
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_8
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Alisher Aldashev
Author-Workplace-Name: Kazakh-British Technical University 
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Spatial Search and Commuting with Asymmetric Changes of the Wage Distribution
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: This paper contributes to job-search literature by analysing commuter behaviour in the presence of asymmetric changes in the wage distribution. Job search theory predicts that reservation wages increase with the mean and mean-preserving spread of the wage distribution. However, changing dispersion while holding the mean constant implies symmetric stretching or compression of the wage distribution in both tails, which is not likely to be the case when confronted with the real data. The presented model predicts that the commuter stream and the reservation wage increase with the median-preserving spread in the right tail and decrease with the median-preserving spread in the left tail in the destination. The empirical part, based on German commuter data, confirms the theory’s predictions.
Classification-JEL: J61, J64, R23.
Keywords: commuting, job search, median, median-preserving spread, negative binomial regression. Wage distribution, zero-inflated models.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 227-245
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_9
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Amelie F. Constant
Author-Workplace-Name: DIW
Author-Name: Elena D’Agosto
Author-Workplace-Name: Ministero delle Finanze, Italia
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Where Do the Brainy Italians Go?
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: This paper studies the major determinants that affect the country location of university-educated Italian scientists and researchers who live abroad in three alternative geographic areas: the USA/Canada, the UK and other EU countries. In our sample, 38% of the brainy Italians are in other EU countries, 37% in the USA and 25% in the UK. Ceteris paribus, both push and pull factors are important: having a PhD from outside Italy predicts settling in the UK, while having extra working experience from outside Italy predicts migration to other EU countries. Specialization in the fields of humanities, social sciences and health are strong determinants of migration to the UK. For the move to the USA, specialization in the humanities is a significant deterrent, while specialization in health is a positive deciding factor. Those who stay abroad for less than two years, or for two to four years are definitely more likely to go to the UK. Lack of funds in Italy constitutes a significant push to the USA.
Classification-JEL: J61; J24; F22.
Keywords: Brain drain, skilled migration, Italy, push-pull factors.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 247-271
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_10
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Hartmut Lehmann
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Bologna
Author-Name: Jochen Kluve
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Unit Labour Markets, Population and Health, Berlin Office of RWI
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Assessing Active Labour Market Policies in Transition Economies
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: With the beginning of economic reform in the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), open unemployment rapidly reached levels comparable to those in Western economies. Governments in the region reacted to this rise by adopting active labour market policies (ALMP) as an important tool in the fight against unemployment. Before reviewing the evidence on the efficacy of such policies we look at the scope and the rationale of ALMP measures in a transitional context. Since government budgets are very tight in these countries it is important to evaluate ALMP in a rigorous fashion. The paper analyses macroeconometric and microeconometric methods of program evaluation as they were applied in transition economies. Both these approaches have a raison d’être and should be understood as complementing. Providing a selective review of the literature, it is possible to highlight some of the strengths and the pitfalls of the two approaches. We also point to the lessons one can draw from the surveyed studies for a better understanding of how active measures affect labour market outcomes in this set of countries.
Classification-JEL: C49, J68, P50.
Keywords: active labour market policies, evaluation, transition countries.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 275-307
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_11
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Falk
Author-Workplace-Name: WIFO, Austria
Author-Name: Thomas Leoni
Author-Workplace-Name: WIFO, Austria
Editor-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli Parthenope
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Regional Female Labour Force Participation: An Empirical Application with Spatial Effects
Book-Title: The Labour Market Impact of the EU Enlargement. A New Regional Geography of Europe?
Abstract: The female labour force participation rate (LFPR) displays a high degree of variation across regions. Our paper contributes to an understanding of regional determinants of female labour supply by looking at Austria’s 121 political districts. As predicted by theory, the aggregate wage level has a positive impact on female LFPRs. We also find that a decrease in the gender wage gap increases the female participation ratio. Population density is positively associated with the female participation rate. This indicates that densely populated areas provide a larger and better array of employment opportunities for female workers. Furthermore, child-care provision for young children is significant and positive. Our model, based on a reduced-form equation, is tested for robustness using various specifications and extended with a spatial econometrics approach. We find that estimated relationships between traditional regional labour supply determinants are sensitive to the inclusion of spatial effects. The spatial parameter is negative, indicating that regions with high participation levels are surrounded by areas with significantly lower participation levels.
Classification-JEL: R10, J20, J16.
Keywords: labour force participation rate, gender wage gap, spatial econometrics.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:04
Pages: 309-326
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2164-2_12
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:04-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Author-Name: Dario Sciulli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Introduction and Overview
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: This chapter opens with an overview on social exclusion, providing two brief summaries on the main approaches to the discussion of it, and on its interaction with the economic crisis,and the labour market structure. The first one focuses on the distinction between a static and a longitudinal approach to social exclusion, and its policy implications; the second stresses the interactions between heterogeneous effects of the crisis and the structure of the economy and the labour market. Subsequently, the chapter summarizes the contributions to the book, which is organised in three parts: the first and the second deal with structural, long-term causes of social exclusion (i.e., health, education, disability, crime); the third deals with short-term causes and, in particular, the effects of the recent economic crisis. Most papers focus on unemployment, income, and education, and stress the circular aspects of social exclusion, as factors which generate it are themselves an effect of it. The papers in the third part show that the crisis has generated social exclusion for youth, low skilled workers and immigrants, therefore extending the traditional definition of fragile groups particularly vulnerable to social exclusion, such as disabled or formerly convicted people. The widening of socio economic duality, and the increased variety of its components, require specific policy interventions to fight the socio economic effects of the economic downturn.
Classification-JEL: I32, J14, J24, J60.
Keywords: Social Exclusion, Disadvantaged Workers, Economic Crisis.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 1-13
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_1
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Gianluigi Coppola
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Health, Lifestyle and Growth
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: In this article, I attempt to explain why lifestyle may have a positive impact on economic growth. First, I consider the ways in which health affects a consumer’s utility, and I then define a Health Production Function for which health is the output and consumer good is the input. In this approach, the Lifestyle Return to Scale (LRS) parameter is defined. The first result is that an increase in a consumer’s personal income may have a positive or a negative effect on health. That is, health may be a normal or an inferior good, depending on the Lifestyle Return to Scale value. According to this result, I compute a health multiplier and then modify the Solow Growth Model in which health is labour-augmenting. The result is a model in which the Lifestyle Return to Scale positively affects per capita income and per capita income growth.
Classification-JEL: I10, O40.
Keywords: Health, Lifestyles, Growth.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 17-34
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_2
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Edgardo Bucciarelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Author-Name: Carmen Pagliari
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Author-Name: Fabrizio Muratore
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Author-Name: Iacopo Odoardi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: A Comparative Analysis of Literacy Rate in Contributing to Social Exclusion Insights
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: Our contribution aims to analyse across countries the relationship between the phenomena of social exclusion and literacy levels, and to consider the implications of this relationship on economic growth. A low level of literacy, affecting the employment status, precludes the possibility to enter and operate freely in society, while poverty and persistent social exclusion of a person or family make difficult to address appropriate educational and training paths. Therefore, our study has rejoined two issues which influence almost all decisions adopted by policy makers, especially in the Western world. The opening issue is the level of education, which should constitute the human capital of a country, through appropriate investment, and the second one is the relational conditions of social dynamics, which highlight the so-called social capital. Together these two types of intangible capitals constitute a strong support for the long-term development of a country. Our quantitative analysis is also addressed to detect differences and peculiarities among the different national realities, with the ultimate purpose to recognize which socio-economic variables affect more directly the processes of education.
Classification-JEL: C82, I21, O50, O57, Y10.
Keywords: Social Exclusion, Literacy Rate, Education, Human Capital, Maximum Likelihood, Hierarchical Clusters.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 35-66
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_3
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Alina Veraschagina
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma La Sapienza
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Education and Socioeconomic Mobility in Post-Communist Countries
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: Patterns of intergenerational educational mobility are studied in twelve post-communist countries of Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. No clear trend in educational inheritance emerges over the recent 50 years, covering both the period of socialism and transition to a market economy. If any, we find the decrease in intergenerational persistence up until the generation of the 1950s. In subsequent years no further decline is observed. On the contrary in a number of states the correlation between parents' and children's schooling got stronger, further increasing over the period of transition.
Classification-JEL: I24, D31, J62, P27.
Keywords: Education, Intergenerational Mobility, Post Communist Countries, Eastern Europe, Transition to a Market Economy.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 67-91
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_4
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Eugenia Nissi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Author-Name: Agnese Rapposelli 
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Analysing Industrial Accidents in European Countries Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: There has been increasing interest in improving working conditions and in reducing occupational accidents and diseases in the European Union. This paper examines the performance of fifteen European countries, in respect to this issue, in three economic sectors - manufacturing, construction and distribution trades - by means of the non-parametric approach to efficiency measurement, represented by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). A linear programming framework is therefore used to construct a production frontier which allows measurement of relative efficiency among national institutions in the sample considered.
Classification-JEL: J28, J81, L60, L74, L81, C61.
Keywords: Occupational Safety and Health, Accidents At Work, Technical Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, Undesirable Outputs.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 93-101
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_5
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Roger Bowles
Author-Workplace-Name: University of York
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Social Exclusion and Offending
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: Social exclusion is costly for both its victims and for mainstream society which may experience negative externalities from excluded or marginal groups and contribute resources to support them. Offending behaviour (the principal area of interest in this paper) is costly to its victims and to society and is closely intertwined with exclusion. Offending is often found in association with other indicators of exclusion such as unemployment, problematic substance misuse and mental and physical health issues. The paper uses a generic model of offending, based on the notion of human capital development, viewed from the wider context of social exclusion. It seeks to avoid two criticisms of standard economic models of crime, namely that they tend to be static rather than dynamic and also that they omit any treatment of adolescence during which preferences and planning skills are still in their formative phase. The paper uses data from a number of contemporary English surveys to test the principal conjectures on which a more general, economics-based approach to offending might be developed. The paper concludes that an approach that considers the role of social exclusion provides a better understanding of offending than one that treats crime purely as an enforcement issue.
Classification-JEL: I24, I32, I38, J71, K42.
Keywords: Offending, Social Exclusion, Poverty, Adolescent Development, Unemployment, Reconvictions.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 105-125
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_6
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Peter J. Sloane
Author-Workplace-Name: Swansea University
Author-Name: Melanie K. Jones
Author-Workplace-Name: Swansea University
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Disability and Social Exclusion
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: This paper examines the recorded incidence of disability across European countries and draws attention to the considerable measurement problems involved in the economic analysis of the phenomenon. However, the distinction between work-limited and non-work-limited disability turns out to be particularly helpful in understanding labour market outcomes. Finally, policy alternatives for increasing the degree of social inclusion of the disabled population are evaluated.
Classification-JEL: I1, J2, J7.
Keywords: Disability, Measurement, Work-Limitations, Government Policy.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 127-148
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_7
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Massimiliano Agovino
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Author-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Civilian Disability Pensions as an Antipoverty Policy Instrument? A Spatial Analysis of Italian Provinces, 2003–2005
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether civilian disability pensions have been used as an antipoverty measure in Italy. We applied a classic panel analysis, followed by a two step GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) analysis in which we introduced the spatial variable, to Italian provincial data for the years 2003-2005. The analysis shows that the number of civilian disability pensions is not related to disability diseases, but to the unemployment rate in some areas, and to the rate of poverty everywhere. These results robustly hold when the spatially lagged dependent variable is introduced among the regressors. In discussing yjem, we stress that they reflect the number of civilian disability pensions granted, not those requested. Moreover, the national legislation on the attribution of civilian disability pensions is administered locally; therefore its application may reflect degrees of discretionary interpretation. Hence there is room to interpret civilian disability pensions as an antipoverty policy instrument in areas characterized by economic difficulties. However, we suggest that civilian disability pensions are particularly unsuited to play the role of an assistance policy instrument; once granted, they are seldom withdrawn despite possible changes in the financial situation of the recipient.
Classification-JEL: J14, I38, C33, C21.
Keywords: Disability, Pensions, Models with Panel Data, Spatial Models.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 149-167
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_8
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Leonello Tronti
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma Tre
Author-Name: Riccardo Gatto
Author-Workplace-Name: ISTAT
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Measuring the Long Wave. Unemployment, Discouragement and Semi-Employment in Italy, During and After the Crisis
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: Official data indicate a much less severe impact of the international crisis on employment in Italy than might have been predicted. But the standard measure of unemployment agreed at international level has some shortcomings. Its “objective” definition of unemployment is a poor fit with the Italian labour market. Also, the considerable increase in labour hoarding and the emergence of “semi-employment” – the alternation of brief periods of work with periods of unemployment or economic inactivity – make the state of the market hard to assess. This paper offers an in-depth examination of the impact of the crisis, using labour force survey data to measure labour underutilization, labour hoarding, discouraged, and semi-employed workers. The picture that emerges is one of a “long wave” of available labour underutilization. This wave will predictably last for years to come, calling for a decisive reform of unemployment benefits, not just to provide income support for those caught up in the long wave of joblessness, but also to permit quicker reorganization of production. The reform will have to highlight the diverse interests and roles of government and of the social partners, within the framework of a new development and industrial policy.
Classification-JEL: E24, J21, J64, J68.
Keywords: Labour Underutilization Measurement, Unemployment, Labour Hoarding, Discouragement, Semi Employment, Unemployment Benefit.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 171-198
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_9
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Tindara Addabbo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia
Author-Name: Rosa García-Fernández
Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad de Granada
Author-Name: Carmen Llorca-Rodríguez
Author-Workplace-Name: Universidad de Granada
Author-Name: Anna Maccagnan
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio-Emilia
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Poverty and Unemployment: The Cases of Italy and Spain
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: This paper sets out to detect the costs of joblessness in Italy and Spain, two countries that show major differences in labour market structure and in their reaction to the crisis. We describe the different unemployment insurance systems in the two countries and how the crisis has hit the two labour markets. A multivariate analysis is then carried out to provide an initial estimate of the possible effects of the current crisis on Spanish and Italian households’ well-being by using the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Surveys for Italy and Spain. Our results indicate that the unemployed experience a higher degree of income poverty and costs in terms of people’s reduced likelihood of being able to access medical or dental treatment and their being able to afford a week’s holiday in both countries. These costs also change on the basis of people’s employment status prior to unemployment.
Classification-JEL: I32, J6, J65.
Keywords: Poverty, Unemployment, Well-Being, Health, Crisis.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 199-219
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_10
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Lilla
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Politecnica delle Marche
Author-Name: Stefano Staffolani
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Politecnica delle Marche
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Labour Market Transitions During the Financial Crisis in Italy
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the consequences of the financial crisis on the Italian labour market by analysing the determinants of individuals’ transitions between occupational states. For this purpose, we use micro-data micro-data from the Istat Labour Force Survey, a repeated cross-section dataset. In order to identify the determinants of transitions, two strategies are followed:: firstly, we consider the “perceived” employment condition, available at the individual level for the previous year. Then, following the “ecological inference” approach, we get quarterly transition probabilities for the “official” employment condition. The economic crisis has mostly penalized young, migrants, men, and people living in North area as well as couples without children and single parents with children.
Classification-JEL: J23, J63.
Keywords: Crisis, Transitions, Unemployment, Ecological Inference.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 221-237
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_11
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Lucarelli
Author-Workplace-Name: ISTAT
Author-Name: Chiara Mussida
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Editor-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Title: Labour-Market Dynamics and Unemployment: New Scenarios in the Italian Economy
Book-Title: Social Exclusion. Short and Long Term Causes and Consequences
Abstract: The availability of new longitudinal data on the Italian labour market for the time period 2004–2009 allows us to depict new scenarios for both labour mobility and unemployment, the latter having increased in relevance since the beginning of the current economic downturn. To achieve an exhaustive picture of the Italian labour market we propose investigation in two directions: we provide both a descriptive analysis and an econometric investigation by estimating multinomial logit models. We ?nd that as far as our analyses go, possessing some particular characteristics reduces the negative impact of the economic downturn. More precisely, individuals with work experience and high educational quali?cations have a higher probability of ?nding a job. On the other hand, older workers with temporary contracts (and also with permanent contracts) are more likely to become unemployed.
Classification-JEL: Labour Mobility, Unemployment, Multinomial Models.
Keywords: C25, C40, J60, J64.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:05
Pages: 239-264
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2772-9_12
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:05-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Tindara Addabbo,
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Author-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Introduction
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This chapter introduces the essays in the volume starting with analysing the situation of the Italian labour market in terms of the diffusion of non standard work. Together with an analysis of its diffusion the essay discusses the characteristics of workers who are more likely to be in non standard employment outlining the particularly weak situation of youth and women in the Italian labour market. The essay takes also into account the deterioration of non-standard work condition in the crisis and how this has taken place in Italy to a deep extent than in other European countries. The costs of being in a non standard position and the quality of the jobs that can be considered as non standard are analysed with reference to the literature and the essays in the volume. The impact of non standard work on firm's competitiveness is also outlined. The orientation towards wage moderation and the joint flexibilisation of the labour market that took place in Italy in the long term poses issues of sustainability and the risk of tying down the economy to a spiral of low growth. Reducing the dualism and the long-term effects of temporary labour on the working and living conditions of women and young people, insofar as they are more likely to be excluded from the current system of social safety nets because they are more likely to be affected by non-standard working conditions or spells of inactivity, means taking action in a number of directions.
Classification-JEL: J21, J22, L25, J24, J13, J16, J42.
Keywords: non standard work, labour market segmentation, firm's competitiveness, labour supply, temporary work, part-time, work-life balance, gender.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 1-21
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_1
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Massimiliano Bratti
Author-Workplace-Name: Università degli Studi di Milano
Author-Name: Stefano Staffolani
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Politecnica delle Marche
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: A Microeconometric Analysis of Female Labour Force Participation in Italy
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: Microlevel individual data for Italy from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (Rilevazione Trimestrale delle Forze di Lavoro) are used to undertake a microeconometric analysis of the factors affecting women’s labour force participation. The main research questions are: 1) does the availability of child care and elderly care raise female labour force participation?; 2) Does part-time employment represent a way for women to reconcile home and market work?; 3) Do women with larger families prefer part-time work? A number of factors emerge as important determinants of female labour force attachment. Institutional factors such as child care and elderly care availability, which are highly differentiated across the country, and local unemployment rates all affect female behaviour. A higher provision of child-care and elderly-care services and a lower unemployment rate are positively associated with female labour force participation. These three variables apparently account for the generally observed lower participation rate in central and southern Italian regions. However, given that public care services are measured at regional level, these effects might partly capture other regional influences. Part-time employment opportunities at local level appear to increase female labour force participation only for women with very young children. 
Classification-JEL: J21, J22, J24, J13, J16.
Keywords: labour supply, child-care, elderly-care services, part-time, work-life balance, gender.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 25-37
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_2
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Neri
Author-Workplace-Name: ISTAT
Author-Name: Martina Lo Conte
Author-Workplace-Name: ISTAT
Author-Name: Piero Casadio
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Balancing Work and Family: New Mothers’ Employment Decisions During Childbearing
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: In the past decade, several countries, notably France, Spain and Germany, have experienced a joint increase in female participation and fertility, mainly because of national policies aimed at balancing work and family life. In Italy, by contrast, fertility has remained relatively stable (after a period of significant decline) while increases in female participation rates have been modest. Numerous explanations for this apparent anomaly have been advanced in the literature, This paper studies the employment decisions of Italian mothers (and their determinants) during the childbearing period, using for the purpose the Italian Birth Sample Survey. In the two years surrounding childbirth, 20 per cent of women in employment before pregnancy leave the labour market, while only 4 per cent start to work after delivery. Most of the drop-out probability – about 70 per cent – is due to voluntary work exit, while one fourth is due to temporary employment or firm’s bankruptcy. An explanation of the results is that this period is particularly critical, and that the difficulties faced by new mothers are among the factors that contribute to keeping their participation rate at a low level.
Classification-JEL: J22, J13, J24, J16.
Keywords: labour supply, child-care, part-time, fertility,work-life balance, fixed term contracts, gender.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 39-52
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_3
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Tindara Addabbo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Author-Name: Donata Favaro
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Padova
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Part-Time and Temporary Employment: A Gender Perspective
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This essay disentangles the inequalities in the take-up of non-standard work by gender as well as the gender differences in its determinants, and the factors conducive to the ‘choice’ of non-standard employment. With reference to part-time employment the estimates confirm the high weight of family structure variables affecting women in relation to part-time work. Meanwhile, involuntary part-time work turns out to be more likely to occur for women, for less well-educated individuals, and for people living in the South. This paper also deals with the evaluation of the costs connected to non-standard jobs: on average an hourly pay penalty is attached to temporary work both for men and for women, while for part-time work this penalty operates for women only. Part-time and temporary work are negatively related to the probability of holding supervisory positions, Attention is also devoted to other elements of well being like the access to medical and dental assessment and treatments, showing a higher probability of temporary workers having unmet needs, related to affordability. The latter is probably connected to higher income uncertainty for temporary employees, and can magnify the cost of holding a temporary job by affecting health outcomes.
Classification-JEL: J22, J71, J42, J16, I14.
Keywords: part-time, temporary work, labour market segmentation, gender, health services, wage differential.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 53-75
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_4
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Gianna Barbieri
Author-Workplace-Name: Servizio Statistico MIUR
Author-Name: Paolo Sestito
Author-Workplace-Name: Banca d'Italia
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: The Quality of Temporary Work
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This paper deals with the counting of temporary employment in Italy, the determinants of being a temp and the ‘quality’ of temporary employment with regards to the 2004-2006 period by using Labour Force Survey data. Although limited, this period is also important because of the further steps in ‘flexibilisation’ of the Italian labour market associated with the hotly debated Biagi Law. A temporary status is more frequent among youths, students, and people still in the school-to-work transition period. In the 2004-2006 period, there was a further rise in the incidence of temporary work, which mostly occurred across the board. The temporary status appears positively associated with the search for job alternatives, and this may be a reliable indication of the lower quality of temporary jobs. However, the association between temporary status and the search for alternatives (controlling for a wide array of compositional and contextual effects possibly affecting job search activities), has weakened over time. Neither does it appear that being employed on a temporary contract is negatively associated (again controlling for a host of covariates) with training activities.
Classification-JEL: J24, J31, J28, J81, J22.
Keywords: temporary work, quality of work, training.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 79-103
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_5
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Federica Origo
Author-Workplace-Name: Univeristà di Bergamo
Author-Name: Manuela Samek Lodovici
Author-Workplace-Name: IRS
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Temporary Help Workers in Italy. Where Do They Come From and Where Do They Go?
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This paper aims at empirically studying the probability of exiting temporary help work in Italy by modelling both the transition to different labour market states and the effect of state dependence by using an ad hoc survey conducted on a representative sample of around 2,300 temporary help workers in Italy. Confirming previous empirical findings, this study suggests in general that, in Italy, temporary help work is not per se a ‘trap’. However, its effect as a ‘stepping-stone’ towards stable employment depends strictly not only on workers’ characteristics but also on those of firms and jobs. In particular, too many short temporary help work experiences and too many employing firms have a negative impact on transitions to stable jobs. These contracts are also used as screening devices and transition to permanent employment is more likely in low unemployment regions, while transitions (back) to either unemployment or education are more likely in high unemployment ones. The probability of moving from temporary help work to a stable job is higher for workers with previous stable work experiences, mainly in manual jobs in manufacturing. The probability of moving from temporary jobs to unemployment is higher for women and for individuals with low levels of education. Women are also more likely to remain in temporary help employment than to move to a stable job.
Classification-JEL: J22, J62.
Keywords: temporary help work, labour market transitions, unemployment.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 105-125
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_6
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Matteo Picchio
Author-Workplace-Name: Tilburg University
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: The Dynamics of Unemployment, Temporary and Permanent Employment in Italy
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This chapter assesses whether temporary jobs have been springboards to regular employment or to dead-end positions in Italy, using for the purpose the 2000, 2002, and 2004 waves of the Survey of Italian Households' Income and Wealth. The estimation of a bivariate dynamic unobserved effects probit model to predict the probability of having a permanent position given the lagged labour market state shows that, ceteris paribus, having a temporary contract today, rather than being unemployed, increases the probability of having a permanent job two years later by about 13.7-16.2 percentage points. This evidence suggests that, given observable and unobservable characteristics, temporary contracts in Italy are stepping-stones to permanent jobs. They enable individuals to leave unemployment by giving them the opportunity to acquire general (and possibly) specific skills so that they are permanent employable afterwards. The estimation of a dynamic discrete mixture and linear probability models assesses the robustness of the stepping-stone effect to the parametric assumptions about the individual heterogeneity. The average partial effects estimated using these two approaches, which were nonparametric in the specification of the unobserved heterogeneity, are in line with those obtained with dynamic nonlinear unobserved effects probit models.
Classification-JEL: J22, J62.
Keywords: temporary work, labour market transitions, permanent employment.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 127-147
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_7
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giuseppe Tattara
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia
Author-Name: Marco Valentini
Author-Workplace-Name: Tolomeo Studi e Ricerche srl, Treviso
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Labour Market Segmentation, Flexibility and Precariousness in the Italian North East
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This chapter discusses the relation between flexibility and precariousness by using a longitudinal panel constructed from the administrative records of the Italian Social Security System (Inps) and compiled at the Department of Economics, Venice University. The data set concerns the entire population of employees and workers in two provinces, Treviso and Vicenza, of the Italian region of Veneto. Quantitative evidence on the increase in ‘non-standard’ forms of employment during the late 1990s is provided together with some conclusions concerning the downward bias in the measures adopted in official Italian statistics and in international comparisons. The second part of the chapter restricts its analysis to private employees in manufacturing, distinguishing them in ‘movers’ and ‘stayers’. Both categories show signs of instability. The quota of tenured workers over total workers decreases, and movers significantly increase over time. Among these latter are permanent movers, whose fragmented and chaotic work histories are identified and compared with those of workers with more stable careers. The recent spread of new forms of temporary employment among mature workers has exacerbated the recourse to short employment spells and the cost of this new pattern of employment, in terms of both income and human capital loss, is possibly much larger than the benefits that can be expected from greater labour-market flexibility.
Classification-JEL: J42, J62, J22.
Keywords: labour market segmentation, flexibility, mobility, precarious jobs.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 149-172
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_8
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Brendan J. Burchell
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Cambridge
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Quality of Work: The Case of Part-Time Work in Italy
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: The focus of this chapter is on the quality of part-time and full time employment by using available European datasets with a special attention to the Italian case. The evidence provided shows that one needs to be very cautious in generalizing about part-time employment in the EU when the function and rates of part-time work vary so greatly. A quality-of-work perspective finds much to commend part-time employment as a method of combining labour-market activity with domestic work or other non-labour market activities. But taking a life-cycle perspective, the picture is more mixed, with evidence that it impedes career progression and perpetuates gender inequalities. A short-term increase in the quality of life for Italian women and Italian families might be followed by an increased gender gap as women’s career advancement slows down, so increasing vertical gender segregation. The relatively high rate of involuntary part-time employment in Italy should be of some concern, and suggests that the quality of part-time work in Italy may still be lagging behind other western European countries. Given the trend towards deregulation, and the fact that the increase in part-time work in Italy has only really affected women, there arguably is a cause for concern that part-time employment is a move away from gender equality in Italy.
Classification-JEL: J22, J81, J71.
Keywords: part-time, quality of work, working condition, work-life balance, gender equality.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 175-188
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_9
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Depedri
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Trento
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Does Part-Time Mean Part-Satisfaction?
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This chapter focus is on the evaluation of part-time workers’ well-being through analysis of part-time jobs in the social services sector. The main factors influencing part-time workers’ satisfactions and part-timers' perceptions about their jobs, internal fairness, and the quality of the work are analysed by using the microdata from a survey conducted in Italy in 1998 on a sample of 228 organizations with 2,066 paid workers and 724 volunteers delivering social services has been used. The measured level of satisfaction with regards work in general, and with earnings, job stability, and autonomy in particular, are significantly lower among involuntary part-timers. The policies of part-time employment adopted by the organizations in the social services sector seem satisfactory and in line with the requirements of the activity, and they sustain a positive psychological contract. The only aspect to which managers should pay closer attention is the possible dissatisfaction of workers with their working hours. The clear communication and transmission of workers’ preferences and organizational needs would prevent under-effort and the desire to quit the organization.
Classification-JEL: J22, J28, J41.
Keywords: part-time, job satisfaction, social service sector, psychological contracts.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 189-203
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_10
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Russo
Author-Workplace-Name: CEDEFOP
Author-Name: Edwin van Hooft
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Amsterdam
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Workers’ Lifestyle Choices, Working Time and Job Attributes
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: The Netherlands has been dubbed “the only part-time economy” (Freeman 1998). This expression reflects the popularity of part-time jobs in the country, particularly among working women. The purpose of this study is to explore whether workers who prefer part-time work differ from their full-time counterparts. It also investigates whether the observed differences sustain a part-time wage gap, doing so by analysing data on self-reported preferences for desired job attributes collected in the Netherlands in 2001. The results of this analysis show that part-time workers differ from their full-time counterparts in one respect: they place more emphasis on working-time flexibility than do full-time workers. However, if firms’ incentive schemes (career and training) make additional demands on workers’ time, time-constrained part-time workers will respond to them less effectively than full-time workers. In so far as firms use this information to allocate their training and promotion opportunities among their workforce, part-time workers forgo career opportunities more often than their full-time counterparts. Consequently, part-time employment spells will have long-term effects on workers’ wages.
Classification-JEL: J22, J28, J41.
Keywords: part-time, job satisfaction, wage gap.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 205-229
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_11
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Tindara Addabbo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Author-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work: Towards New Forms of Measurement
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This chapter deals with the issue of measuring quality of work according to the subjective perception that each single worker has of it. The essay starts out from the definition put forward by Gallino (1993), who identifies four dimensions of the quality of labour (ergonomic, of complexity, of autonomy and of control), analysing it and integrating it with two other two dimensions: the relational/social dimension of work bound up in the need for social recognition and the dimension of compatibility between working/ living time/conditions. A measuring method is put forward, articulated across the six dimensions, grouping together about 50 elementary indicators into synthetic indexes of various levels, exploiting a fuzzy expert system based on a previous model proposed in Addabbo, Facchinetti, Mastroleo and Solinas (2007). The method is applied to the micro-data gathered in the province of Modena, from 719 workers in a company sample ranging from the light-engineering sector to building, services, food, IT and clothing. The results do not indicate the existence of compensating wage differentials, but rather seem to indicate the presence of a job market segmentation between standard and non-standard employment and between different types of qualification.
Classification-JEL: J22, J28, J81.
Keywords: non-standard employment, quality of work, fuzzy logic.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 233-260
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_12
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Federico Lucidi
Author-Workplace-Name: Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini
Editor-Name: Tindara Addabbo 
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Editor-Name: Giovanni Solinas
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Title: Is There a Trade-off Between Labour Flexibility and Productivity Growth? Some Evidence from Italian Firms
Book-Title: Non-Standard Employment and Quality of Work. The Case of Italy
Abstract: This chapter deals with the empirical testing of the potential trade-off between flexibility and productivity growth by using firm-level data. The model of reference relies on various works by Sylos-Labini, The model is estimated on data from the 9th “Indagine sulle imprese manifatturiere”, conducted by the Capitalia Bank Research Centre (formerly Mediocredito Centrale) in the period 2001-2003, where ‘flexibility’ indicators are included among the factors explaining labour productivity growth at firm level. Amongst the results obtained the estimation shows that firms exhibiting a higher share of temporary workers in their workforces and a higher rate of labour turnover achieved a slower growth of value added per worker in the period 2001-2003. Moreover, lagged labour costs per employee (both in levels and in changes) have a significant role in explaining labour productivity growth during the period: a decreasing wage bill makes it possible to preserve low-productive jobs and labour-intensive productive processes, curbing incentives for their modernization and the adoption of new technologies. These considerations raise some doubts concerning the sustainability of both labour-market reforms and continuing wage restraint policies in the long run.
Classification-JEL: J22, L25, J24.
Keywords: flexibility, temporary work, firm's competitiveness, productivity growth.
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:06
Pages: 261-285
Chapter: 13
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7908-2106-2_13
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:06-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Dario Sciulli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Introduction
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: The attainment of social cohesion is one of the central objectives of the European Union and its Member States. Employment is likely one of the most relevant underlying factors that favour social cohesion and constitutes a main target of European policymakers. Despite the great attention paid to promoting employment and labour market policies, unemployment—in particular, structural unemployment—remains a significant problem in some parts of the European Union, especially after the beginning of the most recent economic crisis. In this context, certain categories of workers find entering the labour market without assistance to be particularly difficult, justifying the application of measures by public authorities that provide incentives to enterprises to increase their levels of employment, particularly of workers from these disadvantaged categories.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Disadvantaged workers, Econometric models, Labour market, Labour policy, 
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 1-7
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_1
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Tindara Addabbo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Author-Name: Jaya Krishnakumar
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Geneva
Author-Name: Elena Sarti
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Geneva
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Disability and Work: Empirical Evidence from Italy
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: This essay is an empirical study of the working conditions of people with disability using Italian microdata collected through a survey carried out by ISTAT in 2004. Our analysis is guided by the theoretical framework of the capability approach, allowing us to consider various conversion factors including those associated with different types of disability for explaining the capability of work. Our results are also relevant from a policy point of view, as they focus on a country (Italy) which is considered a flagship model in the international context given its specific legislation in favour of the job placement of disabled people. We find that the impact of disability is different according to the type of disability. Among the other personal and environmental characteristics, age, gender, education and place of residence are significant determinants of being in the labour force.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Disability, Capability approach, Labour market, Working opportunities, Personal characteristics and environmental factors 
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 11-29
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_2
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Massimiliano Agovino
Author-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Author-Name: Giuliana Parodi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Author-Name: Dario Sciulli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: The Dynamics of Disability and Labour Force Participation in Italy
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of disability on labour force participation in Italy. Using information on limitations to daily activities, we apply a dynamic probit model accounting for state dependence and endogenous initial conditions to the longitudinal section of  the 2004–2007 IT-SILC data. We find a significant and negative impact on current disability status that increases in seriousness (from 6.5 % to 10.7 %) in the case of labour force participation. Additionally, past disability status decreases the probability of current employment. Moreover, we find evidence that labour market participation is negatively affected by persistence in disability status (from 12.4 % to 28.1 % according to the seriousness of the limitations) and by the onset of disability (from 6.9 % to 11.3 %). Furthermore, we find that observable factors have a standard effect on labour market participation. Finally, we find evidence of true state dependence and endogenous initial conditions.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Disability, Labour market participation, State dependence, Initial conditions
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 31-48
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_3
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Author-Name: Ricardo Pagan
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Malaga
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Hiring Workers with Disabilities when a Quota Requirement Exists: The Relevance of Firm’s Size
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: We evaluate the impact of a mandatory quota of workers with disabilities using a sharp regression discontinuity design. We use data from a panel of Spanish firms where there is a mandatory quota of 2 % for firms with 50 or more workers. Non-parametric estimations show that strictly beyond the cut-off of 50 workers there is an increase of 1.4 points in the percentage of workers with disabilities in the firm, just fulfilling the quota of 2 %. However, this effect has some lack of precision. In addition, for larger firm’s sizes the variation in the percentage of workers with disabilities is likely related with differences in firms’ characteristics. dependence and endogenous initial conditions.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Employment quota, Disability, Firm’s size, Regression discontinuity
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 49-63
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_4
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Begoña Cueto
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oviedo
Author-Name: Vanesa Rodriguez
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oviedo
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Sheltered Employment Centres and Labour Market Integration of People with Disabilities: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Using Spanish Data
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: In this paper, we apply propensity score matching in order to evaluate whether sheltered employment centres improve integration of people with disabilities into ordinary firms or not. We define as a control group those disabled workers never enrolled in these centres before the last employment spell, and we consider three ‘treatment’ groups: those occasionally involved in these centres; those working in these centres in their first employment spell, and those hired by these centres in any employment spell after the first one. Our results confirm that sheltered employment centres decrease the likelihood of being hired by ordinary firms in the last employment spell. This result is the same by regions (where regulation affecting centres may be different) but with a different size. The data comes from an administrative and retrospective dataset provided by the Spanish Social Security.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Disability, Sheltered employment, Ordinary employment, Evaluation
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 65-91
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_5
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni S.F. Bruno
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Bocconi 
Author-Name: Floro Ernesto Caroleo
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Parthenope di Napoli
Author-Name: Orietta Dessy
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Venezia
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Temporary Contracts and Young Workers’ Job Satisfaction in Italy
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: The Italian process of flexibilization of the labour market has created a dual market populated by protected permanent employees and unprotected temporary workers. The latter comprises not only temporary employment relationships but also autonomous collaborations used by firms as low-cost de facto temporary employment relationships. Little is known about the quality of these temporary jobs, particularly widespread among young workers. We estimate a regression model of perceived overall job satisfaction of young workers, based on the ISFOL-PLUS 2006-2008-2010 panel. We control for the various temporary contracts and for perceived satisfactions in nine aspects of the job. We find that lack of job stability is the most serious cause of lower satisfaction for both temporary employees and autonomous collaborators. But while temporary employees compensate concerns of job stability with other job aspects, attaining satisfaction levels comparable to those of permanent employees, autonomous collaborators do not and are thus significantly the least satisfied.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Flexicurity, Job satisfaction, De facto temporary employment
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 95-120
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_6
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni S.F. Bruno
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Bocconi 
Author-Name: Misbah T. Choudhry
Author-Workplace-Name: Lahore University of Management Sciences
Author-Name: Enrico Marelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Brescia
Author-Name: Marcello Signorelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Perugia
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Youth Unemployment: Key Determinants and the Impact of Crisis
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: This chapter discusses the impact of various factors on the youth unemployment rate (YUR) with respect to the total unemployment rate. In particular, we use different fixed effect panel models to estimate the role played by macroeconomic and structural conditions (e.g. GDP growth rate, inflation, real interest rate, demographic variables, education), financial crises, institutions and policies (e.g. labour market reforms, ALMPs, overall economic freedom). The econometric analysis is based on a panel of OECD countries for the period 1981–2009. Our empirical analysis confirms the expected role of macroeconomic and structural conditions; it shows the additional effect of financial crises; and it underlines the key importance of various institutions and policies. Most importantly, our results prove the differing magnitudes of the impacts of the above-mentioned factors on youth unemployment with respect to the total unemployment rate. These results have major policy implications also in consideration of the still rising level of youth unemployment, especially in Europe.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Youth unemployment, Financial crises, Macroeconomic conditions, Institutions and policies
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 121-148
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_7
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Salvatore Farace
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Fernanda Mazzotta
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Lavinia Parisi
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Characteristics of Parents and the Unemployment Duration of their Offspring. Evidence from Italy
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: This paper analyses the relationship between the characteristics of parents (namely, income, occupation and education) and the unemployment duration of their children using the job search theory. The empirical specification featured Lancaster’s (Econometrics 28:113–126, 1985) simultaneous estimate of two equations: completed unemployment duration and the starting wage accepted for a new job. The sample is drawn from the European Community Household Panel (1995–2000) and consists of unemployed Italian children who lived with their parents while looking for work. The results demonstrate that household economic conditions affect unemployment duration at different levels of educational attainment. Specifically, Italians who have graduate degrees from the wealthiest families have briefer unemployment duration. Netting out the effects of liquidity constraints and education, children from the wealthiest families can afford high-quality schools and universities and may also have better information and search strategies, thereby reducing their unemployment duration.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Simultaneous equation models, Unemployment duration, Job search and education
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 149-179
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_8
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Zuzana Brixiova
Author-Workplace-Name: African Development Bank 
Author-Name: Thierry Kangoye
Author-Workplace-Name: African Development Bank
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Youth Unemployment in Africa: New Evidence and Policies from Swaziland
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: Drawing on the 2007 and 2010 Swaziland Labor Force Surveys, this chapter provides first systematic evidence on youth employment challenges in Swaziland, a small, land-locked country with one of the highest youth unemployment rates in Africa. The chapter first documents the labor market disadvantages faced by the Swazi youth, including discouragement. The multinomial logit regression analysis is then carried out to analyze the main socio-economic drivers of the youth labor market outcomes. Since the factors that could unlock the employment potential of the Swazi youth are also on the demand side of the labor market, the chapter examines the country’s barriers to private job creation and youth entrepreneurship. It concludes with experiences of other countries that could inform design
of more effective interventions towards youth employment in Swaziland. 
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Youth employment and entrepreneurship, Multivariate analysis, Policies, Africa
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 181-202
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_9
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Veronica Escudero
Author-Workplace-Name: International Labour Office
Author-Name: Elva Lopez Mourelo
Author-Workplace-Name: International Labour Office
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Understanding the Drivers of the Youth Labour Market in Kenia
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: This article identifies the macro and microeconomic determinants of youth unemployment and inactivity rates. It finds that although the size of the youth cohort does have significant implications for the status of youth in the labour market, aggregate labour market conditions have a greater influence. The article also finds a large gap between the youth and the overall employment elasticities in the country. This implies that fostering economic growth and ensuring economic sustainability, important as these factors are, will not be sufficient to address youth challenges. Efforts will need to be focused on improving the youth employment content of growth. In this regard, results from the microeconometric analysis find that boosting tertiary school attendance and providing targeted vocational training to young people (particularly women) would be the most effective measures for improving youth employability in the country.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Kenya, Youth inactivity, Youth unemployment
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 203-228
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_10
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Maurizio Baussola
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 
Author-Name: Chiara Mussida
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Disadvantaged Workers in the Italian Labour Market: Gender and Regional Gaps
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: Disadvantaged conditions in the Italian labour market are analysed by considering unemployment gender gaps within the three main geographical areas which characterize the Italian economy (North, Centre and South). We use a Transition Probability Matrix approach to identify the relevant labour market flows which may determine the male–female discouragement worker effect gap. In addition, we perform econometric estimations which enable us to ascertain the relevance of, in particular, education and geographical factors related to structural differences in the overall economy, in determining such a gap.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Unemployment gender gap, Multinomial models, Transition probability matrix
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 231-256
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_11
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Emanuela Ghignoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Università La Sapienza di Roma
Author-Name: Alina Verashchagina
Author-Workplace-Name: Università La Sapienza di Roma
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Can the Crisis be an Opportunity for Women?
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: Female labour force participation is known to depend on the economic status of a partner. Since the current crisis hit more men, it might push more women to enter the labour market (added worker effect). On the opposite, the crisis might produce a discouraged worker effect. In this case, despite male-partner losing a job, women would not get out of inactivity. The aim of this paper is to investigate which of the two effects dominates in Italy. Our empirical analysis utilized a bivariate probit model. The results suggest that discouraged worker effect prevailed at the start of the crisis. Afterwards some regional differences emerge with an added worker effect showing out for low-educated women in the South of Italy.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Economics of gender, Unemployment, Inactivity, Economic crisis, Italy
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 257-276
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_12
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Angel L. Martin-Roman
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Valladolid 
Author-Name: Alfonso Moral
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Valladolid
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Differences between Spanish and Foreign Workers in the Duration of Workplace Accident Leave: A Stochastic Frontier Approach
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: The main goal of the current work is to analyse differences between the working conditions of national and foreign workers in Spain. For this purpose, we study an important dimension of those working conditions, namely workplace injuries, and more specifically the differences in duration of occupational injury leave as a consequence of work-related accidents. The empirical analysis is carried out using stochastic frontier techniques. This allows a minimum period off work due to merely physiological or medical reasons to be distinguished from an additional period linked to worker behaviour. This latter component measures inefficiency in frontier literature, and is identified in the present work as a relevant indicator of working conditions. The findings reveal that most of the differences observed between national and immigrant workers in the already mentioned duration are a result of the inefficiency term. For the purpose of the current work, this is reflected in poorer working conditions for immigrant workers, particularly for those from less advanced countries.
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Workplace accidents, Immigration, Stochastic frontiers
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 277-295
Chapter: 13
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_13
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: José Maria Arranz
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Alcalà
Author-Name: Carlos Garcia-Serrano
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Alcalà
Editor-Name: Dario Sciulli
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Pescara-Chieti
Editor-Name: Miguel Ángel Malo
Editor-Workplace-Name: University of Salamanca
Title: Duration of Joblessness and Long-term Unemployment: Is Duration as Long as Official Statistics Say?
Book-Title: Disadvantaged Workers
Abstract: This article provides an in-depth analysis of duration statistics based on cross-sectional information and compares these statistics with others based on longitudinal data. The objective is to challenge the vision conveyed by conventional data on the incomplete duration of spells of unemployment. We interpret our results as indicating that this sort of information offers a poor guide in countries where labour turnover is large, as is the case in the Spanish labour market. Therefore it should not be used (at least, not alone) to inform policymakers’ decisions and economists’ theoretical works. 
Classification-JEL:.
Keywords: Duration of unemployment, Long-term unemployment, Cross-sectional and longitudinal data
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:07
Pages: 297-320
Chapter: 14
Edition: 1
Year: 2014
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04376-0_14
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:07-14

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Mussida
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Author-Name: Francesco Pastore
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Introduction
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: This introductory chapter presents the book concept and tries to draw the red line which connects its various parts. It does so by means of a presentation of the main content of each chapter of the book, which is located in the relevant literature in order to allow the reader to better appreciate the main novelties.
Classification-JEL: C33, E24, J63, P52, R23
Keywords: Agglomeration, Factor mobility, Industrial change, Industrial concentration, Regional inequality, Regional convergence
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 1-13
Chapter: 1
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_1
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-01

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Mussida
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Author-Name: Francesco Pastore
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Worker Turnover Across Italian Regions 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: This chapter provides prima facie evidence of the geographical distribution of worker turnover within Italian regions as measured based on the longitudinal files of the labour force survey (LFS) for the period 2004–2010. It
explains the stylized facts emerging from this enquiry with an interpretation based on the industrial change literature. Industrial turbulence, rather than labour market flexibility, is driving labour turnover within regions, as the correlation with the Lilien (positive) and the Herfindahl (negative) indices, respectively, shows. In other words, industrial change causes greater job destruction and flows into and out of unemployment, while, as also Alfred Marshall noted, the availability of more specialised districts could partly offset the diseconomies of specialisation in terms of greater exposure to external shocks, when the unit of analysis is sufficiently large, as it is in our case (NUTS1 and NUTS2). We also find that, at an individual level, the regional gap in turnover rates is due to regional differences in the gender, age
and education attainment of the workforce, as well as the share of temporary work contracts and the size of firms.
Classification-JEL: C33, J63, P25, P52, R23
Keywords: Regional unemployment, Industrial change, Worker turnover, Italian regions
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 17-35
Chapter: 2
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_2
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-02

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Elena Semerikova
Author-Workplace-Name: National Research University, Higher School of Economics
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Spatial Patterns of German Labor Market: Panel Data Analysis of Regional Unemployment 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: This chapter is devoted to the investigation of spatial spillover effects of the regional unemployment in Germany. Due to historical reasons, the differences between eastern and western regions of Germany persist over time. We explore the differences in the determinants of the regional unemployment as well as the differences in spatial effects by estimating spatial models. We use panel data for 407 out of 413 German regions (using the NUTS III regional structure) for 2001 through 2009. In order to account for possible spatial interactions between regions, we use a
spatial weighting matrix of inverse distances. We estimate static and dynamic models by the maximum likelihood estimation approach, developed by Anselin (Spatial econometrics: Methods and models, Berlin: Springer, 1988) specifically for spatial models and elaborated by Lee and Yu (Journal of Econometrics, 154, 165–185,
2010a; Regional Science and Urban Economics, 40, 255–271, 2010b). We reveal that the unemployment in western regions is more of disequilibrium nature, while the unemployment in eastern regions is more of equilibrium nature. Using System GMM approach, we estimate the extended specification of the dynamic model and find that the unemployment in eastern regions affects both the unemployment in western and eastern regions of Germany, whereas the unemployment in western regions has an impact only on other western regions.
Classification-JEL: C21, C23, R1
Keywords: Germany, Regional unemployment, Spatial panel data analysis
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 37-64
Chapter: 3
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_3
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-03

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Aleksey Oshchepkov
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Labour Market Studies, Higher School of Economics
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Compensating Wage Differentials Across Russian Regions 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: In this chapter, we provide evidence on compensating differentials in the labor market from the largest transition economy, Russia. Using the NOBUS micro-data and a methodology based on the estimation of the wage equation augmented by aggregate regional characteristics, we show that wage differentials across Russian regions have a compensative nature. Russian workers receive wage compensations for living in regions with a higher price level and worse nonpecuniary characteristics, such as a relatively low life expectancy, a high level of air pollution, poor medical services, a colder climate, and a higher unemployment level. These compensations are not associated with the existing government system of compensating wage coefficients. After adjusting for regional amenities and disamenities,
regionalwages become positively correlated with interregionalmigration flows. According to our estimates, wage compensations along with differences in employment composition are able to account for about three-fourths of the observed variation in wages across Russian regions.
Classification-JEL: J3, J6, P2, R2
Keywords: Compensating differentials, Regional wages, Migration, Russia
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 65-105
Chapter: 4
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_4
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-04

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Alisher Aldashev
Author-Workplace-Name: Kazach-British Technical University
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Convergence Across Regions in Kazakhstan 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: This chapter analyzes unequal regional development in Kazakhstan. Applying the nonlinear least squares (NLS) method in presence of spatial correlation, we estimate the convergence rate of wages across Kazakh regions for the period 2003–2009. The estimated convergence rate is about 3.5% which is somewhat higher than the estimates obtained for the USA and Europe implying that half of the gap between regions is reduced in about 20 years. We do not find any significant effect of resource abundance on growth. However, human capital is an important factor contributing to growth. Our estimates indicate that a 1% increase in the share of students increases the growth rate by 0.18% points.
Classification-JEL: O47, P25
Keywords: Artificial regression, Convergence, Kazakhstan, Nonlinear least squares, Spatial correlation
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 107-118
Chapter: 5
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_5
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-05

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Basile
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Author-Name: Cristiana Donati
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Author-Name: Rosanna Pittiglio
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Author-Name: 
Author-Workplace-Name: 
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Agglomeration Economies and Employment Growth in Italy
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: Using local labor systems (LLSs) data, we assess the effect of the local productive structure on employment growth in Italy during the period 1981–2008. Italy represents an interesting case study because of the high degree of spatial heterogeneity in local labor market performances and of the presence of strongly specialized LLSs (industrial districts). Building on semi-parametric geoadditive models, our empirical investigation allows us to identify important nonlinearities in the relationship between local industry structure and local employment growth to assess the relative performance of industrial districts and to control for unobserved spatial heterogeneity.
Classification-JEL: R11, R12, C14
Keywords: Employment dynamics, Geoadditive models, Industrial districts, Industry structure, Semi-parametric
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 121-141
Chapter: 6
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_6
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-06

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Massimiliano Agovino
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli “Parthenope"
Author-Name: Agnese Rapposelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Università “G.d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Do Agglomeration Externalities Enhance Regional Performances in Production Process? A Stochastic Frontier Approach
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: The aim of the present work is to estimate an aggregate production function for the 20 Italian regions by emphasizing the role that agglomeration externalities (localization externalities and urbanization externalities) and spatial spillovers have in influencing the technical efficiency of the production process. To this purpose, we use the stochastic frontier approach. The results highlight the relevance and the positive impact that localization and urbanization externalities have in improving the efficiency level of the production process of Northern and Central Italian regions. Furthermore, spatial spillovers represent a source of development and growth for Northern, Central, and Southern regions. In particular, after considering spatial spillovers, we observe a reduction of the concentration and an increase of the diffusion process of efficiency among Italian regions. For some Northern and Central regions, we can observe that there are some richer regions and some poorer regions with regard to their capability to benefit from spatial spillovers.
Classification-JEL: R10, O1, D24, C2
Keywords: Agglomeration externalities, Spatial spillovers, Stochastic frontier, Technical efficiency, Italian regions, Spatial correlation
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 143-166
Chapter: 7
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_7
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: external link
Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-07

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Giuseppe Croce
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma "La Sapienza"
Author-Name: Edoardo Di Porto
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Napoli "Federico II"
Author-Name: Emanuela Ghignoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Roma "La Sapienza"
Author-Name: Andrea Ricci
Author-Workplace-Name: ISFOL
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Employers’ Agglomeration and Innovation in a Small Business Economy: The Italian Case 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: This chapter analyzes the impact of agglomeration on product and process innovation in Italy. Our main goal is to gain a better understanding of the spatial dimension of innovative activities. Based on a unique firm-level source of data provided by ISFOL containing information on employers’ personal profiles, we attempt to shed more light into the black box of the local knowledge spillovers. To this end, besides standard density measures, we define and employ an original density indicator and perform a series of IV regressions. Different from the main strands of the literature on this topic, which envisages positive knowledge spillover effects stemming from agglomeration, we do not find significant evidence that agglomeration fosters innovation. In particular, when small businesses are considered, a negative and significant effect arises. Such evidence suggests that in denser areas detrimental congestion effects tend to prevail and discourage innovation. Moreover, for this subsample of firms, the employers’ personal profile prove to be a relevant boost for innovation.
Classification-JEL: D83, J24, O18, O31, R23
Keywords: Product and process innovation, Agglomeration, Knowledge spillovers, Poaching, Employer’s education
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 167-192
Chapter: 8
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_8
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-08

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Massimo Armenise 
Author-Workplace-Name: ISTAT
Author-Name: Giorgia Giovannetti
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Firenze
Author-Name: Gianluca Santoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Do FDI in Business Services Affect Firms’ TFP? Evidence from Italian Provinces 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: This chapter studies the effect of FDI in business services on total factor productivity (TFP) of Italian manufacturing firms, over the period 2003–2008. More precisely, the chapter tests the presence of vertical linkages between foreign business professionals and domestic manufacturing firms. Our results, robust to different specifications, show that foreign capital inflows in business services improve the performance of domestic manufacturing firms. This relationship is particularly strong in the case of high-tech sectors, such as mechanics andmachinery. Traditional sectors, on the other hand, seem to be less sensitive to the availability of foreign business services in the same location.
Classification-JEL: C23, D24, F23
Keywords: Business services, FDI, Manufacturing, Panel data, Productivity
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 195-217
Chapter: 9
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_9
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-09

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Claudio Cozza 
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Trieste
Author-Name: Francesco Schettino
Author-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Explaining the Patenting Propensity: A Regional Analysis Using EPO-OECD Data 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: The aim of this chapter is to conduct an empirical study of the patenting propensity at the European regional level using the OECD-REGPAT dataset.We use patent applications by inventor’s region as, in this case, linkage to the territory is stronger than using applicant’s region. Data analysis reveals the existence of a deep, uneven distribution of patent applications, R&D expenditure and human capital. Richer regions show higher levels of both private and public R&D expenditure as well as a consistent share of the total European patent applications. Starting from the analysis of these key variables, we proceed explaining the determinants of patenting propensity. The results substantially confirm the significant role of R&D expenditure on patenting activity: mainly the business enterprises, but also the government sector component. Human capital variables show similar positive effect, while average enterprise size seems not to play a determining role in patent applications.
Classification-JEL: O34, K29, O4, O53, K19
Keywords: Patents, Intellectual property rights, Innovation, EPO, R&D
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 219-236
Chapter: 10
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_10
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-10

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Carmen Aina, , and 
Author-Workplace-Name: Università del Piemonte Orientale 
Author-Name: Giorgia Casalone
Author-Workplace-Name: Università del Piemonte Orientale 
Author-Name: Paolo Ghinetti
Author-Workplace-Name: Università del Piemonte Orientale 
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Family Origin and Early School Leaving in Italy: The Long-Term Effects of Internal Migration
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: The proportion of early school leavers in Italy is high by European Union standards. However, it is not uniformly distributed across the country: in Southern regions, it is almost double than in Centre-Northern area. This chapter goes beyond descriptive evidence and examines the conditional probability of leaving school with (at most) the compulsory schooling certificate in Italy using seven waves of Bank of Italy’s SHIW data, covering individuals born in the period from 1979 to 1995. Among various determinants, we focus on the role played by family origin. Our results show that youths born in the Centre-North with both parents from Southern Italy (second generation internal migrants) behave similarly to youths born and living in the South, so that they are more likely to drop out school earlier than comparable individuals born in the Centre-North with parents from the same area (natives). When only the household head is from the South, second generation migrants are similar to natives and the assimilation with native born in terms of schooling choices at the age of 14 is complete. Differences in family characteristics (education, financial conditions) are able to account for a large share of raw differences in education decisions between individuals born in Centre-North vs. South, as well as between natives and second generation migrants born in the Centre-North of Italy. The analysis of these dynamics over time shows that differences across groups of youths defined by their origin narrow since the mid- 2000.
Classification-JEL: J24, R23
Keywords: Internal migration, Education
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 237-259
Chapter: 11
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_11
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Pigini 
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Perugia
Author-Name: Stefano Staffolani
Author-Workplace-Name: Università Politecnica delle Marche
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: The Effect of University Costs and Institutional Incentives on Enrolments: Empirical Evidence for Italian Regions 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: We study the relationship between the enrollment decisions of Italian secondary school graduates and the cost of participating in higher education. In particular, we look into the role of incentives, such as scholarship grants, and of the supply of under-priced accommodation which are policy tools in the hands of regional institutes (Enti Regionali per il diritto allo Studio Universitario, ERSU). We provide empirical evidence by estimating a conditional logit model using the survey of 2004 secondary school graduates issued by the Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). We find that enrollment costs are determinant in students university choices: on average, the elasticity of the probability of enrollment to tuition fees is 0:062, the one to expected grants is 0:028, and the one to expected rent is 0:022. Differences between regions are considerable: southern regions show lower elasticities, while small central and northern regions exhibit the largest ones.
Classification-JEL: C25, I21, I23, J24
Keywords: Conditional logit model, Enrolment cost, Graduates’ mobility, Regional differentials, University enrolment
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 261-282
Chapter: 12
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_12
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-12

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Justina A.V. Fischer
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Mannheim
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Globalized Markets, Globalized Information, and Female Employment: Accounting for Regional Differences in 30 OECD Countries
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: Accounting for within-country spatial differences is a neglected aspect in many cross-country comparisons. This chapter highlights this importance in this empirical analysis of the impact of a country’s degree of informational and economic globalization on female employment in 30 OECD countries, using a micro pseudo panel of 110,000 persons derived from five waves of repeated cross sections from the World Values Survey, 1981–2008. I conjecture that informational globalization affects societal values and perceived economic opportunities, while economic globalization impacts actual economic opportunities. A traditional crosscountry analysis suggests that the informational dimension of globalization but not the economic one increases the probability of employment for women— contradicting the Becker (1957) hypothesis of international competition mitigating discrimination in employment.However, accounting for subnational regional gender heterogeneity reveals that the impact of worldwide information exchange works rather at the regional level, while economic globalization (trade) increases female employment in general.
Classification-JEL: C33, D83, F14, F16, F66, J16, J71, R23, Z13
Keywords: Globalization, Economic integration, Labor market, Employment, Regions, Social norms, Communication, Discrimination, Gender, World values survey
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: University of Mannheim
Chapter: 13
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_13
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Gianluigi Coppola 
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Author-Name: Sergio Destefanis
Author-Workplace-Name: Università di Salerno
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Structural Funds and Regional Convergence: Some Sectoral Estimates for Italy
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: In this chapter, we assess the European Structural Funds’ effects on the economies of the 20 Italian administrative regions for the period 1989–2006. The principal novelties of this chapter are that the empirical analysis separately considers the effects on four sectors (agriculture, energy and manufacturing, construction, and services), and we employ a non-parametric FDH-VP to calculate Malmquist productivity indexes. This allows us to distinguish the Funds’ effects on factor accumulation from those on total productivity changes. Our evidence implies that the Funds had a weak, but significant, impact on total factor productivity change but virtually no effect on capital accumulation or employment. Different types of Structural Funds are found to have widely different influences, with the European Social Fund, arguably, having the strongest impact.
Classification-JEL: C43, D24
Keywords: European Structural Funds, Total factor productivity, Nonparametric frontiers, Malmquist index
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 307-333
Chapter: 14
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_14
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-14

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Matías Mayor
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oviedo
Author-Name: Begoña Cueto
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oviedo
Author-Name: Patricia Suárez
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Oviedo
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Fostering the Self-Employment in Spain: An Evaluation of the Capitalisation of Unemployment Benefits Programme 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: Self-employment has become an important source of employment in the last decades. Moreover governments have developed labour market programmes in order to foster self-employment. The capitalisation of unemployment benefits is a Spanish programme that gives the unemployed people the possibility to receive the contributory unemployment benefits in a lump sum payment in order to set up a business. Our analysis supports the existence of spatial spillovers in regional labour markets; consequently, the modelmust include this spatial process explicitly. The results suggest that the magnitude of the direct effect is smaller but it is in accordance with the expected, since the possibility of capitalisation of unemployment benefits is not the main reason to move into the self-employment.
Classification-JEL: J23, J68, C21, R12
Keywords: Self-employment, Active labour market policies, Evaluation
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 335-352
Chapter: 15
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_15
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-15

Template-Type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0
Author-Name: Bartlomiej Rokicki
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warsaw
Editor-Name: Chiara Mussida
Editor-Workplace-Name: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza
Editor-Name: Francesco Pastore
Editor-Workplace-Name: Seconda Università di Napoli
Title: Regional Price Indices and Real Wage Equalization in Poland 
Book-Title: Geographical Labor Market Imbalances. Recent Explanations and Cures
Abstract: The goal of this chapter is an empirical verification of the hypothesis concerning the real wage equalization among different regions in the case of transition countries. In particular, we focus on Polish NUTS2 regions and for the first time, we apply regional PPP deflators in order to prove whether they may influence the results of the convergence analysis. The issues concerning the evolution of regional labor market disparities within Central and Eastern European countries have been thoroughly discussed in many papers. Still, most of them have focused on the persisting differences in the regional unemployment rates. At the same time, the dispersion of wages across different locations and its evolution over time has been considered as one of the possible factors influencing spatial unemployment rate differentials. Less attention was though paid to the analysis of regional wage equalization process per se. Up to now, the existing studies were based on wage data expressed either in current prices or constant ones but with price deflators calculated at the level of state. Here, we find that the application of regional PPP deflators significantly decreases the overall level of wage disparities across Polish regions (as compared to nominal wages). Nevertheless, it does not significantly change the overall pattern of their evolution. Hence, there is a tendency toward regional real wage divergence rather than equalization. 
Classification-JEL: E31, J31, R1
Keywords: PPP, Regional convergence, Spatial unemployment differentials, Poland
In-Book: RePEc:ail:labook:08
Pages: 17-35
Chapter: 16
Edition: 1
Year: 2015
File-URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55203-8_16
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:ail:chapts:08-16